3-Nitro-2-pyridones, formation

Nitration of pyridines via rearrangement of nitramines has been studied. 4-Amino-3-bromopyridine forms, with nitric acid, the nitramine 9.67 in 85% yield 9.67 rearranges in sulfuric acid to 4-amino-3-bromo-5-nitro-pyridine (9.68) in 97% yield (62RC967). The rearrangement of 2-nitrami-no-4-nitropyridine (9.69) to 2-amino-3,4-dinitropyridine is accompanied by the formation of 4-nitro-2-pyridone (64T81), subsequently shown to arise via nitrosation (79T2895). 

P3o-idine-I-oxides are comparatively resistant to reduction because of resonance stabilization by the aromatic system. Typical reagents that have been used for the formation of pyridones and pyridinols are Raney Nickel in methanol, palladium-on-charcoal, phosphorous trichloride, or phosphorus oxychloride in ethyl acetate. The N-oxides of pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine have been deoxygenated catalytically. 4-Alkoxy-3-halopyri-dine-1-oxides are A-deoxygenated by phosphorous trichloride in chloroform. 2-Amino-3-pyridinol can be prepared ffom2-nitro-3-pyridinol-l-oxide (X1I450) in acetic acid by treatment with iron and mercuric chloride and then with zinc. 2-Halo-3-pyridinols can be prepared from XII-450 by treatment with phosphorous trihalides in chlorofiMm ... 

Since 2-pyridones are nitrated mainly as their free bases and are probably in the pyridone form, °° it is not likely that a transition state involving hydrogen-bond participation by OH as has been suggested for ortho-nitration of phenol and for nitration of 2-substituted-3-pyridinols at the 4-position (this section, p. 809) is responsible for the formation of 3-nitro-2-pyridone, the major product. ... 

Equilibrium constants and rates of fonnation for the adduct MI-733 have been measured and compared with those of 2,4,6-trinitroanisole. An annular nitrogen in the 4-position to a reactive center results in a relative decrease in stability of the Meisenheimer compound and an increase in its rate of formation when compared to the effect of a p-nitro The 4-methoxypyridone (W-736) has been used to prepare a number of 4-hydrazino- and substituted-4-amino-l-methyl-2-pyridones. ... 

The nitro group in quaternary salts of 4-nitropyridine is easily replaced. Recrystallization of the methiodide from undried acetone gives l-methyl-4-pyridone . Reaction of 4-nitropyridine with benzyl chloride yields 1-benzyl-4-pyridone, and with benzyl bromide, l-benzyl-3,5-dibromo-4-pyridone (nuclear bromination is thought to result from the oxidation of hydrobromic acid by nitrous acid) the experimental description suggests that in these reactions nucleophilic replacement of nitro by halide may occur initially . The consequences of the autoquaternization of 4-nitropyridine have already been mentioned. The formation of 4-hydroxypyridine from 4-nitropyridine and acetic anhydride a presumably involves the acetyl-pyridinium salt. 4-Nitropyridine 1-oxides give with acetic anhydride mainly 4-hydroxy-or 4-acetoxy-3-nitropyridine l-oxides sic but the presence... 

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