Nomenclature nitriles

In substitutive lUPAC nomenclature, cyanohydrins are named as hydroxy derivatives of nitriles. Because nitrile nomenclature will not be discussed until Section 20.1, we will refer to cyanohydrins as derivatives of the parent aldehyde or ketone as shown in the examples. This conforms to the practice of most chemists. 

Nitrile nomenclature is derived from that of carboxylic acids. The lUPAC name is constructed from the alkane name, with the suffix -nitrile added. For common names, the suffix -ic acid is replaced by the suffix -onitrile. 

When CN is named as a substituent, it is called a cyano group. Figure 22.1 illustrates features of nitrile nomenclature. 

This chapter concerns the preparation and reactions of acyl chlorides acid anhydrides thioesters esters amides and nitriles These com pounds are generally classified as carboxylic acid derivatives and their nomenclature is based on that of carboxylic acids... 

It is of course possible to name individual radialenes according to IUPAC rules [e.g. per(methylene)cycloalkanes 1-4]. However, the descriptiveness of the term radialene may some day pave its way into the official nomenclature. For substituted [ ]radialenes we have proposed1 a pragmatic numbering system, in which an inner ring is numbered first, followed by an outer ring . The numbering of substituents should follow IUPAC rules. Thus, the hydrocarbon 7 is 4,4-diethyl-5,5-dimethyl[3]radialene, the ester 8 should be called 7-methoxycarbonyl-5,5-dimethyl[4]radialene, the nitrile 9 which can exist in four diastereomeric forms is (6Z,7Z)-6-cyano-5,5,7-trimethyl[4]radialene and the difunctionalized [5]radialene 10 is (7 ,6Z)-7-bromo-6-formyl-6-methyl[5]radialene. 

Structure of the Carbonyl Group 817 18-3 Nomenclature of Ketones and Aldehydes 818 18-4 Physical Properties of Ketones and Aldehydes 820 18-5 Spectroscopy of Ketones and Aldehydes 822 18-6 Industrial Importance of Ketones and Aldehydes 828 18-7 Review of Syntheses of Ketones and Aldehydes 829 18-8 Synthesis of Ketones from Carboxylic Acids 833 18-9 Synthesis of Ketones and Aldehydes from Nitriles 833... 

Functional groups in the -position may lead to priority in notation. For example, 75 is called jff-aminocro tonic acid nitrile and 76 is ethyl jff-aminocrotonate. Further examples pertaining to the nomenclature of complex enamines may be found in the next section in Schemes 2 to 5. 

Nitriles, a-amino, mutarotation of, 13 Nitrogen compounds, of cyclic monosaccharides, 115 — 232 Nojirimycin, 116,132,133 Nomenclature, of enzymes, 306 Nuclear magnetic resonance anomer determination by, 43 characterization of anhydrodeoxyaldi-tolsby, 74,77,79... 

Summary Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nitriles... 

The addition of water to carbon-carbon double bonds is a reaction that is catalyzed by lyases belonging to the subclass of the hydro-lyases (E.C. 4.2.1.-), which have been grouped under the carbon-oxygen lyases. Not all members of this subgroup are capable of water addition to carbon-carbon double bonds. Nitrile hydratase (E. C. 4.2.1.84, discussed in Section 12.1) for instance, is categorized in this subclass and catalyzes the addition of water to nitriles. The nomenclature of the hydro-lyases subgroup, which contains hydratases and dehydratases, does not preclude any direction of the reaction, but rather reflects the context in which the enzyme was originally discovered. 

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