Nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate

NADPH A reduce form of nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate... 

In the processes that require regeneration of cofactors such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), whole-cell biotransformations are more advantageous than enzymatic systems [12,15]. Whole cells also have a competitive edge over the isolated enzymes in complex conversions involving multiple enzymatic reactions [14]. 

Figure 1. The separation of the half reaction in the chloroplast of the photosynthetic plant cell. The dark reaction (left) and the light-driven reactions (right) are shown. Key NADP oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ATPf adenosine triphosphate and Pit inorganic phosphate.

Two important implications of the reactions described in Equations (5.1) and (5.2) are (i) that redox reactions play an important role in metabolic transformations, with the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) acting as electron acceptor in catabolic pathways and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as electron donor in anabolism, and (ii) that energy must be produced by catabolism and used in biosyntheses (almost always in the form of adenosine triphosphate, ATP). 

PCr, phosphocreatine ATP, adenosine triphosphate NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Reprinted from reference 6. 

Niacin production of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NADPH) by ACTH via cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP)... 

FIGURE 21. Photosystem I (PS I). P700, special pair Q, plastoquinone QH2, dihy-droplastoquinone NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate FQR, ferre-doxin-quinone reductase FNR, ferredoxin-NADP reductase Fd, ferredoxin ADP, adenosine diphosphate ATP, adenosine triphosphate. 

Fig. 26. Z-Scheme of photosynthesis in plants. Chi is chlorophyll, cyt b, f is cytochrome b, / PC is plastocyanine, (Fe-S) is iron sulfer protein. ATP is adenosine triphosphate ADP is adenosine diphosphate Pj is the phosphate ion and NADP is the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ion [203]...

Plate 5 Costs of chemical defence and signal compounds. Abbreviations ATP, adenosine triphosphate NADPH2, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form). (Fig. 1.6, p. 14)... 

Fig. 2.1. Examples from The Energy Hall of Fame. These molecules not only deliver energy, but transfer special groups in the process. Acyl, RCO— ADP, adenosine diphosphate ATP, adenosine triphosphate dUMP deoxyuridine monophosphate FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide GTP, guanosine triphosphate NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate P, phosphate TMP, thymidine monophosphate UDP, uridine diphosphate UTP, uridine triphosphate.

Photosynthesis comprises a light-induced and a dark reaction. The first, called photophosphorylation, involves the two-electron reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) by water, to produce NADPH and oxygen. The redox reaction is coupled to the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ... 

Fig. 6.2.1. Regulation of assimilatory sulfate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (Cherest et al., 1969 Siegel, 1975 de Vito and Dreyfuss, 1964). Abbreviations as follows ADP adenosine 5 -diphosphate AMP adenosine 5 -phosphate (adenylic acid) APS adenylyl sulphate ATP adenosine 5 -triphosphate NADP, NADPH nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidised and reduced) PAP adenosine 3, 5 -diphos-phate PAPS 3 -phosphoadenylyl sulphate Pj orthophosphate ion PPj pyrophosphate ion.

In order to enhance affinity and selectivity for Brc-Abl, we modified the inhibitor methylating at positions I and II (Fig. 7.5d). The synthesis of the wrapping prototype recapitulates imatinib synthesis [38], as described in [39], To test whether the specificity and affinity for Brc-Abl improved, we conducted a spectrophotometric kinetic assay to measure the phosphorylation rate of peptide substrates in the presence of the kinase inhibitor at different concentrations. This assay couples production of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), the byproduct of downstream phosphorylation, with the concurrent detectable oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NADH). The oxidation results upon transfer of phosphate from PEP (phospho-enolpyruvate) to ADP followed by the NADH-mediated reduction of PEP to lactate. Thus, phosphorylation activity is monitored by the decrease in 340 nm absorbance due to the oxidative conversion NADH->-NAD+ [34, 39]. 

---