Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced form NADH

The amount of inulin present is determined firom the reduction of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide, reduced form (NADH) measured as a decrease in absorbance at 340 nm. The method is calibrated with either inulin or fructose endogenous fructose in each sample is measured by incubation with an inactivated inulinase reagent. Urine samples require predilution (typically 1 in 40) before analysis. A typical between-run imprecision of less than 2% for plasma and less than 4% for urine can be obtained with an automated assay. 

The xylose reductase (XR) catalyzes the first step of a fungal pathway that allows certain organisms to metabolize xylose, such as Candida boidinii [6], Candida guilliermondii [7], Candida tmpicalis [8], Candida parapsilosis [9], and Debaryomyces hansenii [10]. After the reduction of xylose to xylitol by XR in a manner that can utilize nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form NADH) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form NADPH), xylitol is re-oxidized to xylulose by xyUtol dehydrogenase, which is often specific for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) [11]. Xylulose is then phosphorylated. An efficient, pathway should recycle the cosubstrate such that there is no... 

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form (NADH)"... 

NADH nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide reduced form... 

The second is the direct production pathway characteristic of the acetone-butanol fermentation by bacteria such as Clostridium butyricum. In this pathway, hydrogen is produced directly without formate production. This pathway, however, may be unified with NADH pathway, because the mass balance of NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, reduced form) shows the same result with NADH pathway. 

Figure 8.2 Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH). (a) Reversible reaction catalyzed by MDH where NADH is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form (b) ribbon display structure of MDH (porcine heart) (side view) (pdb 4mdh). The homo-dimeric protein consists of two polypeptides chains (yellow and red), with nicotinamide adenine dinudeotide (NAD+) in both independent catalytic sites illustrated in a ball and stick (blue) representation (c) chemical illustration of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) to demonstrate the importance of MDH catalysis in cycle closure. Enzyme abbreviations are PDH, pyruvate dehyrogensase CS, citrate synthase.

A and B Hbd, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase NADH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form) Pta, phosphotransacetylase Ptb, phosphotrans-butyrylase ThI, thiolase. The single reactions do not represent stoichiometric fermentation balances. 

Figure 2. Biosynthesis of plasmalogens in mammalian tissues. Enzymes (1) dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (2) 1-acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase (3) 1-alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate oxidoreductase (4) l-alkyl-5n-glycero-3-phosphate acyltransferase (5) 1-afkyl 2-acyl-5w-glycero-3-phosphohydrolase (6) CDP-ethanolamine transferase (7) l-alkyl-2-acyl-5w-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine desaturase (8) methyltransferases and base-exchange enzymes. CDP-ethanolamine, cytidine diphosphoethanolamine. CMP, cytidine monophosphate. CoA, coenzyme A. DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate. NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form. NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form. Pi, phosphate.

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