Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide oxidation

Rice bran is the richest natural source of B-complex vitamins. Considerable amounts of thiamin (Bl), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5) and pyridoxin (B6) are available in rice bran (Table 17.1). Thiamin (Bl) is central to carbohydrate metabolism and kreb s cycle function. Niacin (B3) also plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism for the synthesis of GTF (Glucose Tolerance Factor). As a pre-cursor to NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-oxidized form), it is an important metabolite concerned with intracellular energy production. It prevents the depletion of NAD in the pancreatic beta cells. It also promotes healthy cholesterol levels not only by decreasing LDL-C but also by improving HDL-C. It is the safest nutritional approach to normalizing cholesterol levels. Pyridoxine (B6) helps to regulate blood glucose levels, prevents peripheral neuropathy in diabetics and improves the immune function. 

NAD(P)7NAD(P)H nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized/reduced form), (phosphorylated)... 

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidation-reduction flavin adenine dinucleotide, oxidation-reduction coenzyme A, acyl transfer pyridoxal phosphate, transamination biotin, carboxylation lipoic acid, acyl transfer. 

NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form) mt mitochondria... 

Decarboxylation removal of a carboxyl group as CO2, from a ketoacid or from an amino acid. D. of ketoacids occurs several times in the course of the TH-carboxylic acid cycle (see). TTie D. of P-ketoacids often occurs spontaneously. In biological systems the oxidative D. of a-ketoacids requires coenzymes such as thiamin pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, coenzyme A, flavin adenine dinucleotide or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Oxidative D. of Pyruvate (see) to ace-tyl-CoA and of a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA are nodes at which many metabolic pathways cross. D. of amino acids is catalysed by Pyridox phosphate (see) enzymes. 

Messenger ribonucleic a Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced Nicotinamide adenine c nucleotide phosphate, oxidized... 

Figure 2. Biosynthesis of plasmalogens in mammalian tissues. Enzymes (1) dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (2) 1-acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase (3) 1-alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate oxidoreductase (4) l-alkyl-5n-glycero-3-phosphate acyltransferase (5) 1-afkyl 2-acyl-5w-glycero-3-phosphohydrolase (6) CDP-ethanolamine transferase (7) l-alkyl-2-acyl-5w-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine desaturase (8) methyltransferases and base-exchange enzymes. CDP-ethanolamine, cytidine diphosphoethanolamine. CMP, cytidine monophosphate. CoA, coenzyme A. DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate. NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form. NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form. Pi, phosphate.

FIGURE 12,2 Mechanism of enzymatic reaction of conversion of LA to pyruvic acid. LDH = lactate dehydrogenase, LOD = lactate oxidase, and NADVNADH = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized form/reduced form. 

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