Nicol, William

Noradrenaline acts on three types of receptor. The ai receptors mediate the main excitatory effects of noradrenaline upon wake-active neurons in the dorsal raphe, basal forebrain, and elsewhere (Vandermaelen Aghajanian, 1983 Nicoll, 1988 Fort et al., 1995 Brown et al., 2002). The a2 receptors mediate inhibitory effects of noradrenaline, e.g. on noradrenaline neurons themselves and on cholinergic brainstem neurons (Williams et al., 1985 Williams Reiner, 1993). The (3-receptors modulate neurons in a more subtle fashion, increasing excitability via blockade of afterhyperpolarizations in hippocampal and cortical neurons (Haas Konnerth, 1983). Activation of (3-receptors also promotes synaptic plasticity via activation of the cyclic-AMP-dependent kinase (PKA) and cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) signal transduction pathway (Stanton Sarvey, 1987 Cirelli et al., 1996). 

William Nicol (1768-1851) developed the Jirst prism that produced plane polarised light... 

Rothermel, B.A., McKinsey, T.A., Vega, R.B., Nicol, R.L., Mammen, P., Yang, J., Antos, C.L., Shelton, J.M., Bassel-Duby, R., Olson, E.N., and Williams, R.S. 2001. Myocyte-enriched calcineurin-interacting protein, MCIP1, inhibits cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 98 3328-3333. 

DR Lowde, JO Williams, PA Attwood, RJ Bird. B Nicol, RT Short. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans I 77 2312-2324, 1979. 

DA Nicoll-Griffith, N Gupta, SP Twa, H Williams, LA Trimble, JA Yergey. Verlu-kast (MK-0679) conjugation with glutathione by rat liver and kidney cytosols and excretion in the bile. Drug Metab Dispos 23 1085, 1995. 

Bom in Scotland, William Nicol (1768-1851) was a professor at the University of Edinburgh. He developed the first prism that produced plane-polarized light. He also developed methods to produce thin slices of materials for use in microscopic studies. 

Samuel William Nicoll, Recorder of Doncaster and York, publishes An Inquiry into the Present State of Visitation, in Asylums for the Reception of the Insane The keeper must himself be kept. If he be not watched and punished, an asylum is likely to be little beyond an alternation of reciprocal violence between the prisoner and gaoler. ... 

Nicol, K.J. In "Preservation of Paper and Textiles of Historic and Artistic Value II " Williams, J.C., Ed. ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES No. 193, American Chemical Society Washington, D.C., 1981 p.223. 

Amino Acid Analysis Protocols, edited by Catherine Cooper, Nicole Packer, and Keith Williams,... 

Making sure cities operate smoothly and efficiently is a core component of engineering. In 2002, New York City suffered a drought emergency. Nicole Brown-Williams now works to redesign the city s water supply to handle such future problems. The project has put her in the middle of an extraordinary engineering challenge. 

Park BK, Boobis A, Clarke S, Goldring CE, Jones D, Kenna JG, Lambert C, Laverty HG, Naisbitt DJ, Nelson S, Nicoll-Griffith DA, Obach RS, Routledge P, Smith DA, Tweedie DJ, Vermeulen N, Williams DP, Wilson ID, Baillie TA (2011). Managing the challenge of chemically reactive metabolites in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 10, 292-306. 

Polarizing microscope (William Nicol) Nicol invents the polarizing microscope, an important forensic tool. 

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