Nickel reference value

Serum nickel levels in hospital workers averaged 0.6 0.3 pg/L in Sudbury, Ontario, versus 0.2 0.2 pg/L in Hartford, Connecticut (Hopfer et al. 1989). Measurements of nickel content of tap water in these communities were reported as 109 46 and 0.4 0.2 pg/L, respectively (Hopfer et al. 1989). Concentrations of nickel in the blood and urine of workers at a rolling mill in Poland were 18.5 4.0 and 25.7 5.1 pg/L, respectively (Baranowska-Dutkiewicz et al. 1992). Nickel concentrations in the urine of preschool children in Poland were 10.6 4.1 and 9.4 4.7 pg/L for children from an industrial region and a health resort, respectively (Baranowska-Dutkiewicz et al. 1992). After reviewing studies of nickel concentrations in humans, Templeton et al. (1994) indicated that the most reliable reference values were 0.2 pg/L for nickel in serum of healthy adults and 1-3 pg/L for nickel in urine. These values are dependent on food and fluid intake and environmental factors. Fewer studies of nickel in whole blood were identified, and a reference value was not suggested. 

Rezuke WN, Knight JA, Sunderman FW Jr. 1987. Reference values for nickel concentrations in human tissues and bile. Am J Ind Med 11 419-426. 

Templeton DM, Sunderman FW Jr, Herber RFM. 1994. Tentative reference values for nickel concentrations in human serum, plasma, blood, and urine Evaluation according to the TRACY protocol. Sci Tot Environ 148 243-251. 

FIGURE 8.17 Voltammetry scans on an ACC in 3mol L-1 KOH at various values of negative potential cutoff (-100mV stepwise shift). Auxiliary electrode nickel. Reference electrode Hg/HgO. (Adapted from Jurewicz, K., et al., Appl. Phys. A, 78, 981, 2004.)... 

Kiilunen M, Jarvisalo J, Makitie O, et al. 1987. Analysis, storage stability and reference values for urinary chromium and nickel. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 59 43-56. 

The Curie-point flash pyrolyser was originated by Szymanski et al. [522], initially developed by Simon et al. [523] and later improved [511]. A Curie-point system (Fig. 2.24) can heat a ferromagnetic metal wire inductively with radio frequencies to the pyrolysis temperature in milliseconds. The final temperature is well characterised and reproducible. The alloy of the ferromagnetic material used achieves control of the pyrolysis temperature in a Curie-point instrument. Curie-point reference values are alumel 154.2°C, nickel 355.3°C, Perkalloy 596°C, iron 780° C, Hisat-50 1000°C. A set of six certified and traceable Curie temperature materials is available (ICTAC/TAI). 

To maintain sufficient material strength and creep resistance with a reasonable wall thickness, analyses determined that the nickel superalloy pressure boundary should be maintained at a maximum of 900K. This is a reference value which could have changed as the design evolved and more material data became available. The 900K piping limit was selected as described below. 

Monomer-oligomer equilibria. [Ni(Me-sal)2], mentioned above as a typical planar complex, is a much studied compound. In pyridine it is converted to the octahedral bispyridine adduct (/zsoo = 3.1 BM), while in chloroform or benzene the value of is intermediate but increases with concentration. This is ascribed to an equilibrium between the diamagnetic monomer and a paramagnetic dimer, which must involve a coordination number of the nickel of at least 5 a similar explanation is acceptable also for the paramagnetism of the solid when heated above 180°C. The trimerization of Ni(acac)2 to attain octahedral coordination has already been referred to but it may also be noted that it is reported to be monomeric and planar in dilute chloroform solutions. 

These values are roughly constant across a range of electrolyte environments except where noted but the variations between alloys, heat treatment conditions, etc. creates a range for each metal. For some metals such as iron and steel the range is low ( 100 mV), but for lead, nickel, stainless steels a range is given. The corrosion potential is reported with respect to the saturated calomel reference electrode. 

However, consideration in terms of the ionic radius or the LFSE shows that both factors predict that the maximum stabilities will be associated with nickel(ii) complexes, as opposed to the observed maxima at copper(ii). Can we give a satisfactory explanation for this The data presented above involve Ki values and if we consider the case of 1,2-diaminoethane, these refer to the process in Eq. (8.13). 

Table 1. Table of the computed abundances iron, and the two a elements calcium and nickel. All from the neutral-element lines. The standard deviation refers to the measurements in the different stars. In NGC 3680 we have only two targets, therefore instead of values a we put the difference between the two stellar abundances obtained. The average number of lines identified for each specie is also indicated. 

The range in critical limits for dissolved species of heavy metals in surface waters is large, especially for zinc and nickel. In general, values used by Denmark and the Czech Republic are much higher than for other countries, except for Zn and Ni. For these elements, Canada and the USA also use much higher values. These limits may refer to action values. 

Strontium, barium, manganese, copper, molybdenum, and nickel are elements of strong accumulation in plant species of African Savanna ecosystems, in spite of different content in soils and soil-forming rocks. The Cb values are >1. The other elements, like beryllium, zirconium, titanium and vanadium, are less taken up by plants and their Cb values are less than 0.5. These refer to various exposure pathways to both microbes and plants as links in biogeochemical food webs. 

One of the important conclusions of the early attempts was that it is fruitful to place the functionality near an optically active support. Already in 1958, Isoda and coworkers reported for the first time the enantioselective hydrogenation with a Raney nickel catalyst modified with optically pure amino acids. Optical yields reported at that time were from low (2.5%) to moderate (36%) values (for references see [12]). Subsequently, in 1963, Izumi and coworkers [100] initiated an extended study of the modified Raney nickel system with TA. As a result of their initial researches, this system was the first heterogeneous chiral catalyst to give high enantioselectivities in the hydrogenation of / -ketoesters (95%) [101,102],... 

T -2,6,10-dodecatriene-l,12-diyl)nickel is an air-sensitive compound with a melting point of 15-16° the literature value is 1°. Although the melting point of this product found by the present authors is considerably higher than reported in Reference 2 it was reproducible from run to run. However, the mass and NMR1 spectra accorded well with the literature and it seems possible that a variation of isomer distribution, as discussed in Reference 2, accounts for the difference. 

The magnetic susceptibility, measured with a vibrating sample magnetometer (Foner), calibrated with nickel (purity 99.99% — specific susceptibility at 293°K 55 cgs/g) at 293 0.2°K with a magnetic field of 17,700 G, is 101.39 0.20 10"6 cgs/g. This value may be compared with 101.65 0.20 10 6 cgs/g for manganese diphosphate prepared by thermal decomposition of the ammonium manganese phosphate. The value calculated from Reference 7 is 101.96 0.20 cgs/g. 

Dr. MargerumrAn experimental comparison with the aquo ion was not made in this series because nickel hydroxide would precipitate. However, the Niglycine+ data provides a reference point which suggests all the ku values can be multiplied by a factor of about 10 to give the first-order constant for water dissociation. 

Bond distances from the nickel atom to either the N or an O atom of N02. Average values are usually given. When two values are given they refer non-equivalent bonds. b Disordered N02 groups. 

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