Newman

King, 1971 Naphtali and Sandholm, 1971 Newman, 1963 and Tomich, 1970). Moreover the choice of appropriate computation procedures for distillation, absorption, and extraction is highly dependent on the system being separated, the conditions of separation, and the specifications to be satisfied (Friday and Smith, 1964 Seppala and Luus, 1972). The thermodynamic methods presented in Chapters 3, 4, and 5, particularly when combined to... 

The equilibrium shape of a liquid lens floating on a liquid surface was considered by Langmuir [59], Miller [60], and Donahue and Bartell [61]. More general cases were treated by Princen and Mason [62] and the thermodynamics of a liquid lens has been treated by Rowlinson [63]. The profile of an oil lens floating on water is shown in Fig. IV-4. The three interfacial tensions may be represented by arrows forming a Newman triangle ... 

Newman M E J and Barkema G T 1999 Monte Carlo Methods in Statistical Physics (Oxford Clarendon)... 

Binney J J, Dowrick N J, Fisher A J and Newman M E J 1992 The Theory of Critical Phenomena (Oxford Oxford University Press)... 

Newman J 1991 Eiectrochemicei Systems (Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentioe-Hall)... 

Newman J 1967 Advenced in Eiectrochemistry end Eiectrochemicei Engineering ed C W Tobias (New York Wiley)... 

Natishan P M, Kelly A G, Frankel G S and Newman R (eds) 1996 Critical Factors in Localized Corrosion II Proc. vol 95-15 (Pennington, NJ Electrochemical Society)... 

Newman R C 1995 Corrosion Meobanisms In Theory and Praotloe ed P Marcus and J Oudar (New York Dekker)... 

Forgaos G, Newman S A, Obukhov S P and Birk D E 1991 Phase transition and morphogenesis in a model biologioal system Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 2399-402... 

R.W. Taft, Steric Effects in Organic Chemistry, M.S. Newman (Ed.), Wiley, New York, 1956. 

The maintenance of a constant pressure in a system during distillation under diminished pressure is of great practical importance if trustworthy boiling points are desired. Devices which maintain a constant pressure in a system that is higher than the minimum pressure that the pump will give are termed manostats. A simple manostat, due to M. S. Newman, is illustrated in Fig. II, 23, 4. 

Several substituted cyclohexane derivatives may also be obtained by the reduction of a benzenoid precursor. Partial reduction of resorcinol, for example, and subsequent methyla-tion yields 2-methylcyclohexane-I,3-dione, which is frequently used in steroid synthesis (M.S. Newman, 1960 see also p. 71f.), From lithium-ammonia reduction of alkoxybenzenes l-alkoxy-l,4-cyclohexadienes are obtained (E.J. Corey, 1968 D). 

The McFadyen-Stevens synthesis (66. 99) and its Newman-Caflish modification. 

The conversion of esters to hydrazides and of hydrazides to the sulfonyl derivatives occurs in good yield in the McFadyen-Stevens synthesis, but the decomposition of sulfonyl derivatives gives low yields of the desired products, for example, thiazole hydrazide (28) with 10% excess of PhSOjCl in pyridine gave a 75% yield of l-phenylsulfonyl-2-(4-methyl-5-thiazo ecarbonyl)hydrazine (29) (66). The Newman-Caflish modification of the McFadyen-Stevens synthesis gave 37% 4-methyl-5-thiazole-carboxaldehyde (30) (Scheme 27). 

Newman projections were devised by Professor Melvin S Newman of Ohio State University... 

FIGURE 3 6 The gauche and anti conformations of butane shown as ball and spoke mod els left) and as Newman projections right) The gauche conformation is less stable than the anti because of the van der Waals strain between the methyl groups... 

Higher alkanes having unbranched carbon chains are like butane most stable m then-all anti conformations The energy difference between gauche and anti conformations is similar to that of butane and appreciable quantities of the gauche conformation are pres ent m liquid alkanes at 25°C In depicting the conformations of higher alkanes it is often more helpful to look at them from the side rather than end on as m a Newman projec tion Viewed from this perspective the most stable conformations of pentane and hexane... 

Sight down the C 2—C 3 bond and draw Newman projection formulas for the... 

The stereoselectivity of elimination of 5 bromononane on treatment with potassium ethox ide was described in Section 5 14 Draw Newman projections or make molecular models of 5 bromononane showing the conformations that lead to cis 4 nonene and trans 4 nonene respec tively Identify the proton that is lost in each case and suggest a mechanistic explanation for the observed stereoselectivity... 

We can view this reaction as the replacement of one or the other of the two methylene protons at C 2 of butane These protons are prochiral atoms and as the red and blue protons m the Newman projection indicate occupy mirror image environments... 

Newman projection (Section 3 1) Method for depicting con formations in which one sights down a carbon-carbon bond and represents the front carbon by a point and the back carbon by a circle... 

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