Neutral weak hadronic interaction

The prediction of a heavy boson has received preliminary empirical support [92,96] from an anomaly in Z decay widths that points toward the existence of Z bosons with a mass of 812 GeV 1 33j [92,96] within the SO(l) grand unified field model, and a Higgs mechanism of 145 GeV4gj3. This suggests that a new massive neutral boson has been detected. Analysis of the hadronic peak cross sections obtained at LEP [96] implies a small amount of missing invisible width in Z decays. The effective number of massless neutrinos is 2.985 0.008, which is below the prediction of 3 by the standard model of electroweak interactions. The weak charge Qw in atomic parity violation can be interpreted as a measurement of the S parameter. This indicates a new Qw = 72.06 0.44, which is found to be above the standard model pre-... 

As a result of quark confinement, the observed range of the strong interaction between two hadrons is quite limited, it is about 1 fm= 10 m, close to the size of the atomic nucleus. That means that the nuclear force binding the nucleus is the relatively weak tail of the color interaction appearing outside the nucleons, similarly to the chemical bond or to the van der Waals forces acting among neutral molecules or atoms, due to the Coulomb interaction within the atom. 

We here enlarge the standard model to include the weak and electromagnetic interactions of hadrons. We encounter serious techniceil problems if we try to restrict ourselves to the original three quarks, u,d,s. In particular we find unwanted neutral strangeness-changing currents in the theory. These difficulties are eliminated by the introduction of a new charm quark c. There is then a very attractive universality between the two lepton doublets (e-) ( - ) quark doublets formed from... 

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