Neurohormones table

TABLE 3-7. Dosing and Monitoring for Neurohormonal Blocking Agents... 

After the early discovery of a tyrosine 0-sulfate residue in bovine fibrinopeptide B, 15 this posttranslational modification which occurs ubiquitously in proteins was also detected in a series of biologically active peptides such as the neurohormones of the gastrin/cholecysto-kinin (CCK) family of peptides, phyllokinin, Leu-enkephalin, and the thrombin inhibitor hirudin listed in Table 1. 

Other systems (e.g., neurotransmitter, neuropeptides, neurohormonal) may also play important central or modulating roles in the psychotic process ( Table 5-2 and Table 5-3). In addition to dopamine, the following have been implicated ... 

Hormones of insects and crustaceans. Peptide neurohormones of insect brains348 include the pentapeptide proctolin (Table 30-5), which was first iso-lated from the cockroach and has since been found in crustaceans and in mammalian brain. It has been traced to specific insect neurons.349 A nonapeptide neurohormone from the shore crab does not resemble any other known vertebrate or invertebrate hormone.350... 

The occurrence of a variety of neuropeptides in the brain has been discussed in Section A. The first of these to be discovered811 was the 11-residue substance P (Table 30-4), which was isolated in 1931. Like other neuropeptides it may function either as a transmitter or neuromodulator or perhaps both. Substance P, as well as many other neuropeptides, has been localized to specific neurons. Along with somatostatin, CCK, and enkephalins, it is found in high concentrations in the basal ganglia. Enkephalin and substance P are also found in specific neural elements in the visual system of lobsters.812 In some cases a neuron contains both synaptic vesicles containing a major neurotransmitter and also vesicles containing a peptide or other cotrans-mittor. The peptide pituitary hormones ACTH, MSH, and vasopressin as well as the hypothalamic neurohormones may have effects on learning and behavior.813... 

Table 2.3. Use of immunocytological techniques to demonstrate the nature of neurotransmitters in cestodes and turbellarians. The presence of neurones in the nervous system which are immunoreactive with sera raised against some neurohormonal peptides and against serotonin (5-HT). (Data from Falkmer et al., 1985)...

Different experimental techniques have been also used to investigate ischemia-reperfusion injury. Table 2. Experimental models of isolated hearts cannot consider the contribution of blood components or neurohormonal changes as this occurs in in vivo studies. However, these studies are able to dissect potential underlying mechanisms of the ischemic injury. The mode of perfusion (working heart vs Langendorff mode or constant flow vs constant pressure), the use of pacing, the composition of the perfusate and the end-points chosen to assess myocardial injury (arrhythmias, functional recovery... 

In crustaceans true FMRFamides are not known, but only FLRFamides (Table 5). They were first isolated from the PO of H. americanus [194] and later found in crabs, crayfish and a prawn [195]. Their functional role is most likely neurohormonal, i.e. probably cardioexcitatory and influencing contractions of visceral muscles, as well as neuromodulatory, i.e. modulating motor patterns in the stomatogastric ganglion [150]. 

Small peptides, such as somatostatin, neurotensin, and the enkephalins also act as neurotransmitters (Table 21.2). They may also act as neurohormones. 

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