Nematicidal agent

The Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of vinyl iodides 63 with alkynylmagnesium halides 64 have been found to produce enynes 65 with retention of configuration (>97%) [Eq. (24)] [36]. Using this procedure, the thienylacetylene 66, which is an intermediate for the synthesis of a natural antifungal and nematicidal agent can be prepared [Eq. (25)] [37]. 

Fermentation products have played a rather minor role in the control of plant diseases. Table VI gives a classification of agents used on plants. These are divided into pesticides and growth modulators. The pesticides are classified as bactericides, fungicides, insecticides, miticides, nematicides and herbicides. There are fermentation products in each of these categories, and these are listed in Table VII. 

Pesticide Any substance or agent employed to destroy a pest organism. Common pesticides include insecticides (to kill insects), herbicides (to kill weeds), fungicides to kill (fungi), and nematicides (to kill nematodes). 

Thus, an array of bioactive compounds, often derived directly from the pharmaceutical and crop protection industries, are used antibacterials, anticoccidials, miticides, nematicides, parasiticides (for control of both internal and external parasites), and insecticides. In addition, other specialty chemicals, such as growth-regulating, estrous-synchronizing, and nutrient-repartitioning agents, are in use and are being considered for use in animal production. 

Through studies of the structure-activity relationship of the phosphoramidate derivatives, a new insecticide and nematicide, IKI-1145, (RS)-S-sec-butyl-0-ethyl-2-oxo-l,3-thiazolidin-3-y1-phosphorothioate, was discovered. This agent is characterized by marked nematicidal effects and systemic activity against various pests. Optical resolution of IKI-1145 was carried out by using preparative HPLC. On in vitro examination, both isomers are found to be poor inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. On the other hand, against various pests, (-)-IKI-1145 is more active than (+)-isomer, from about twenty-fold to thirty-fold, implying selective metabolic activation by pest species. 

Bacterial pharmaceutical products include antibiotics, antitumor agents, immunomodulators, and enzyme inhibitors. Other bioactive products of bacterial origin are coccidiostatic agents, nematicides, and insecticides. In addition, Escherichia coli, the prototype of molecular biology, is one of the most important hosts for the production of pharmaceutical recombinant proteins. 

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