Needleman

When no gap penalty is used then the Needleman-Wunsch alignment may contain a largt unrealistic number of gaps. The simplest type of gap penalty (other than not to have one) i to use a length-dependent scheme in which one assigns a fixed negative value for each insertio ... 

Needleman S B and C D Wunsch 1970. A General Method Applicable to the Search for Similarities in the Amino Acid Sequences of Two Proteins. Journal of Molecular Biology 48 443-453. 

S. Suresh and K. K. Chawla, in S. Suresh, A. Needleman, and A. Mortensen, eds., MetalMatrix Composites, Butterworth-Heinemaim, Boston, Mass.,... 

Needleman, P, et al., 1986. Arachidonic acid metabolism. Annual Review of Biochemistry 55 69-102. 

Salvemini, D., Misko, T.P., Masferrer, J.L., Seibert, K., Citrrie, M.G. and Needleman, P. (1993). Nitric oxide activates cyclooxygenase enzymes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 7240-7244. 

Faivre, Antoine and Jacob Needleman. Modern esoteric spirituality. London SCM Press, 1993. xxx, 413p. 

I would like to thank Thomas J. Clark, Stuart W. Leslie, Bernard A. Nagengast, Herbert L. Needleman, MD, and Harold Sheckter for reading and discussing this chapter with me. 

Herbert L. Needleman. Clamped in a Straitjacket The Insertion of Lead into Gasoline. Draft June 30, 1997. Source for Midgley can t find lead in exhaust Indianapolis 500 Bureau of Mines emasculated Kehoe says 18 percent staff sick ... 

I would like to thank Herbert Needleman, MD, Robert P. Sharp, and George R. Tilton for reading this chapter and commenting on it. 

Herbert L. Needleman. Clair Patterson and Robert Kehoe Two Views of Lead Toxicity. Environmental Research. 78 (Aug. 1998) 79-85. A good summary of Patterson versus Kehoe. 

The study by Needleman et al. (1979) has been reanalyzed in additional reports (Bellinger and Needleman 1983 Needleman et al. 1985) and critically evaluated by EPA, as well as by other investigators. 

Gatsonis and Needleman (1992) identified a different set of statistical and methodological issues that have contributed to the inconsistencies (1) selection of adequate markers of exposure or internal dose,... 

Developmental Effects. Evidence from human studies on congenital anomalies as an end point (Emhart et al. 1985, 1986 McMichael et al. 1986 Needleman et al. 1984) indicate no association between prenatal exposure to low levels of lead and the occurrence of major congenital anomalies. This conclusion is further supported by developmental toxicity studies conducted in rats and mice these studies provide no evidence that lead compounds (acetate or nitrate) are teratogenic when exposure is by natural routes (i.e., inhalation, oral, dermal). Intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of lead compounds (acetate, chloride, or nitrate) into pregnant rats, mice, or hamsters, however, has produced malformations in several studies reviewed by EPA (1986a). 

In summary, on the basis of IQ measurements, which provide a better degree of comparability between the studies than various sensorimotor paradigms, it appears that a highly significant IQ decrement of 1-3 points is associated with a change of PbB from 10 to 20 pg/dL. This relationship is supported by prospective and cross-sectional studies (see IPCS 1995 Needleman and Gatsonis 1990 Pocock et al. 1994 Schwartz 1994 for individual studies included in the meta-analyses). 

Needleman et al. 1984). The limitations of these studies include possible bias introduced by use of hospital records and a restricted range of maternal and cord blood lead levels. The sizes of the groups studied were not sufficient for the detection of differences in low frequencies of anomalies. 

---