Nebulizer for ICP

Cairns, W. R. L Barbante, C Capodaglio, G Cescon, P Gambaro, A. and Eastgate, A. (2004). Performance characteristics of a low volume spray chamber with a micro-flow nebulizer for ICP-MS. Technical note, http //www.rsc.org/jaas. 

Fig. 42. Microconcentric nebulizer for ICP-OES/MS. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [111].)...

Fig. 49. Particle size distributions of pneumatic nebulizers for ICP. MAK, high-pressure cross-flow nebulizer CGN, concentric glass nebulizer JAB, Jarrell—Ash Babington nebulizer JAC, Jarrell—.Ash fixed cross-flow nebulizer (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [139].)...

Advanced pneumatic nebulizers There has been increasing interest in these nebulizers for ICP-AES. 

Fujishiro, Kubota M. and Ishida R. (1984) A study of designs of a cross flow nebulizer for ICP atomic emission spectrometry, Spectrochim Acta, Part B 39 617-620. 

For a number of years (1987-1992), thermospray LC-MS was the most frequently applied interface for LC-MS. It has demonstrated its applicability in both qualitative and quantitative analysis in various application areas. With the advent of the more robust LC-MS interfaces, based on atmospheric-pressure ionization, the use of thermospray interfacing and ionization rapidly decreased. The newer technology pointed out the limitations of the thermospray system, e.g. in the analysis of thermolabile compounds, ionic compounds, high molecular-mass compounds, as well as in robustness and user-friendliness. Therefore, thermospray as an ionization and interface technique for LC-MS is now history. Thermospray nebulization will continue to be used, e.g. in nebulization for ICP-MS. 

In pneumatic nebulization for ICP-OES, continuous sample feeding requires a sample aspiration time of about 30 s so as to attain a stationary signal, a measurement time of around 5-10 s, and a rinsing time again of 30 s at minimum. However, discrete sampling is also possible with injection systems known from flame AAS [140, 141] and by flow injection. Work with sample aliquots of down to 10 xL then becomes possible, which is particularly useful, for example, in work with microsamples [156] or for the analysis of solutions containing high salt contents [443]. 

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