Nausea/vomiting prophylaxis

Alemtuzumab Infusion-reactions fever, chills, nausea, vomiting rash Antiviral and PCP prophylaxis should be initiated... 

Antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent inhalational anthrax has been recommended for people potentially exposed to Bacillus anthracis as a result of recent bioterrorist attacks. Of 3428 people taking ciprofloxacin, 666 (19%) reported severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain 484 (14%) reported fainting, lightheadedness, or dizziness 250 (7%) reported heartburn or acid reflux and 216 (6%) reported rashes, hives, or an itchy skin. Of those taking ciprofloxacin, 287 (8%) stopped taking it, 116 (3%) because of adverse events, 27 (1%) because of fear of possible adverse events, and 28 (1%) because they did not think it was needed (1-4). 

The pharmacokinetios of interferon is not well understood. Maximum levels in blood after intramuscular injection was obtained in 5 to 8 hours. Interferon does not penetrate well into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Oral administration of interferon does not indicate a detectable serum level, and as such, oral administration is olinioally ineffective. After intramuscular or suboutaneous injection, drug concentration in plasma is dose related. Clinioal use of interferon is limited to topioal administration (nasal sprays) for prophylaxis and treatment of rhinovirus infections. Adverse reaotions and toxioity include influenza-like syndrome of fever, ohills, headaohe, myalgias, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bone marrow suppression, mental confusion, and behavioral changes. Intranasal administration produoes mucosal friability, ulceration, and dryness. 

Observational studies During a pandemic of HlNl influenza A infection 53 school staff and 273 pupils took oseltamivir for treatment or prophylaxis 41% of pupils and 47% of staff reported adverse reactions and 14% of the pupils and 20% of the staff did not complete the course nausea, vomiting, and rashes were significantly associated with failing to complete the course of treatment [145 ]. 

Prophylaxis of rickets Hypoparathyroidism Adult osteomalacia Acute Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, polyuria, polydipsia. Chronic Weight loss, pallor constipation, fever, hypercalcemia, calcium deposits in soft tissues. ... 

Major site of action muscarinic-type acetylchohne receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. In terms of nausea and vomiting prophylaxis, scopolamine is a competitive inhibitor of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone which communicates with the emetic center within the reticular formation of the brainstem. Outside the... 

For prophylaxis of acute chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, the combination of a 5-HT3 antagonist and a corticosteroid is recommended for patients receiving highly eme-togenic cisplatin or non-cisplatin-based chemotherapy. 

Metoclopramide is used for its antiemetic properties in patients with diabetic gastroparesis and with dexamethasone for prophylaxis of delayed nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy administration. 

Aprepitant is the first approved member of this class of drugs and is indicated as part of a multiple drug regimen for prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting associated with high-dose cisplatin-based chemotherapy. 

Nausea and vomiting that occur within 24 hours of chemotherapy administration is defined as acute, whereas when it starts more than 24 hours after chemotherapy administration, it is defined as delayed. The emetogenic potential of the chemotherapeutic agent or regimen (see Table 27-2) is the primary factor to consider when selecting an antiemetic for prophylaxis of CINV. 

Postoperatively Routine prophylaxis is not recommended for patients in whom there is little expectation that nausea or vomiting will occur postoperatively. In patients where nausea or vomiting must be avoided postoperatively, IV ondansetron is recommended even where the incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting is low. For patients who have postoperative nausea or vomiting, ondansetron may be given to prevent further episodes. 

Prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting when nasogastric suction is undesirable. 

Herrstedt J, Aapro MS, Roila F, Kataja VV. ESMO Minimum Clinical Recommendations for prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (NV). Ann Oncol 2005 16 Suppl l i77-9. 

Unlabeled Uses PO Prophylaxis of nausea or vomiting associated with radiation therapy... 

Candiotti KA, Birnbach DJ, Lubarsky DA et al. The impact of pharmacogenomics on postoperative nausea and vomiting do CYP2D6 allele copy number and polymorphisms affect the success or failure of ondansetron prophylaxis Anesthesiology 2005 102 543-549. 

Ondansetron, other 5-HT3 antagonists 5-HT3 blockade in gut and CNS with shorter duration of binding than alosetron Extremely effective in preventing chemotherapy-induced and postoperative nausea and vomiting First-line agents in cancer chemotherapy also useful for postop emesis Usually given IV but orally active in prophylaxis. 4-9 h duration of action very low toxicity but may slow colonic transit... 

Prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy... 

---