National Renewable Energy treatment

In 1994, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory [NREL, a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)] performed a cost comparison of PCO versus other air pollution control technologies. It was determined from this study that the cost per standard cubic foot per minute (scfm) increased with contaminant concentration but fluctuated little with fiow rate. For treatment of VOC concentrations above 1000 parts per million (ppm), the PCO systems became expensive relative to other technologies (D130905, p. 3). 

U.S. and one industrial waste water treatment in Spain. Engineering scale field experiments have been conducted by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) treating ground water contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) [253]. This field system consisted of 158 m2 of parabolic trough reactors and used De-gussa P25 particles (0.1%) as the photocatalyst in a slurry flow configuration. With this relatively low titanium dioxide content the TCE concentration was reduced from 200 ppb to less than 5 ppb. 

Com stover used for this study was harvested in 2003 at the Kramer Farm in Wray, Colorado. The stover was pretreated either in-house at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory or received via subcontract fiom the CAFI [12] pretreatment group members. The samples selected for this study were pietreated by alkaline peroxide (NREL), sulfite steam explosion (UBC), ammonia fiber explosion (MSU), and dilute sulfuric acid (NREL) methods. The composition of the pretreated stover was determined by a two-stage sulfuric acid hydrolysis treatment according to the NREL Laboratory Analytical Procedure titled Determination of Stmctural Carbohydrates and Lignin in Biomass [13]. The pretreatment conditions and compositional information for each substrate are listed in Table 2. 

Turchi, C.S., Wolfrum, E., Miller, R.A., 1994, Gas-Phase Photocatalytic Oxidation Cost Comparison with Other Air Pollution Control Technologies, NREL/TP-471-7014. Golden, CO National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Watt, A. S., Magrini, K. A., Carlson-Boyd, L. C., Wolfrum, E. J., Larson, S. A., Roth, C., and Glatzmaier, G. C., A Pilot-Scale Demonstration of an Irmovative Treatment for Vapor Emissions , J. of Air and Waste Management, November, 1999. 

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