Permeation enhancers nasal mucosa

Since the concentrations of insulin to be administered in the sheep model would have been large, the insulin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were not investigated in that model. However, the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of various insulin-chitosan preparations were compared with postloaded insulin-chitosan nanoparticles. It was found that chitosan solution and chitosan powder formulations were far better, with the chitosan powder formulation showing a bioavailability of 17% as against 1.3 and 3.6% for the chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan solution [72], The effects of the concentration and osmolarity of chitosan and the presence of absorption enhancers in the chitosan solution on the permeation of insulin across the rabbit nasal mucosa in vitro and in vivo were investigated, and the same... 

Ennis, R.D. Borden, L. Lee, W.A. The effects of permeation enhancers in the surface morphology of the rat nasal mucosa a scanning electron microscopy study. Pharm. Res. 1990, 7, 468-475. 

TMC is supposed to possess the property of permeation enhancement, and therefore has been studied as a delivery vector for proteins and genes. For example, TMC nanoparticles were prepared by ionic crosslinking with tripolyphosphate (TPP) and used as a delivery system for ovalbumin [30]. The loading efficiency and capacity of the protein were up to 95% and 50%, respectively, with an improved integrity. Most importantly, transportation of the protein-loaded particles across nasal mucosa was confirmed by an in vivo uptake test. In another study, the influence of DQ on the property of protein-loaded TMC/TPP nanoparticles was investigated [31]. A lower DQ leads to an increased particle size and a slower release rate of protein. 

---