Nanoworld structures

For the nanoworld structures in the form of nanoparticles (nanoclusters) their size, defining the surface energy critical level, is the information parameter of feedback [19]. 

Though Ceo has not (so far) found any major applications, the influence of C6o is now pervasive in chemistry and beyond.8 C6o is a kind of ideal nanoscale building block that can be picked up and manipulated with nanotechnological tools.9 Importantly, its curved, hollow structure has made us familiar with another view of carbon materials, different and complementary to that of flat sheets of carbon atoms in graphite. Ultimately, all the interest generated around such carbon allotropes has driven the research in the field and introduced the perhaps most notable representatives of the present nanoworld, carbon nanotubes (NTs). 

V.Y. Shevchenko et al., The structural diversity of the nanoworld. Glass Phys. Chem. 29,... 

New inslmmentation and devices for gaining insight into the structure of matter on the atomic level has opened the door to this fascinating nanoworld. Research and development of nanoscience and nanotechnology in electrochemistry follow several main streams. One of them is the investigation of the surface with atomic resolution, which has been described throughout this book. A number of reviews exist about this surface nanoelectrochemistry. ... 

Ivanova, V. S. The periodical dependence of atoms and nanoparticles structure stability on their mass as nanoworld properties reflection. Proceedings of International interdisciplinary symposium "Fractals and Applied Synergetics, FaASA)3 . Moscow, Publishers of MSOU, 2003,271-274. 

Materials with a high surface-to-volume ratio have played important roles in evolution and in our own lives. Extensive surface area provides optimal conditions for chemical transformations to proceed with high reaction rates and high product selectivity. The organization and stability of nanosized structures are controlled by interactions at the molecular scale—chemical, electrical or magnetic—rather than by the mechanical forces that shape the macroscopic world. Our ability to control and use for our benefit all kinds of special properties developed at the extended surface that characterizes the objects of the nanoworld depends on our understanding of phenomena at and across the interfaces. 

Nanoparticles and porous materials exist essentially as an extended surface. The line of structural similitude, however, ends at this point. Nanoparticles derive their properties from their small solid size in their condensed phase, while porous materials derive their properties from the absence of solid material in their condensed state. In other words, the shape of the nanoworld is either convex or concave. 

Lately it was offered to consider polymers amorphous state stmcture as a natural nanocomposite [6]. Within the frameworks of cluster model of polymers amorphous state stmcture it is supposed, that the indicated structure consists of local order domains (clusters), immersed in loosely packed matrix, in which the entire polymer free volume is concentrated [7, 8]. In its turn, clusters consist of several coUinear densely packed statistical segments of different macromolecules, that is, they are an amorphous analog of crystallites with stretched chains. It has been shown [9] that clusters are nanoworld objects (tme nanoparticles-nano clirsters) and in case of polymers representation as natural nanocomposites they play nanofiller role and loosely packed matrix-nanocomposite matrix role. It is significant that the nanoclusters dimensional effect is identical to the indicated effect for particulate filler in polymer nano composites sizes decrease of both nano clusters [10] and disperse particles [11] resrdts to sharp enhancement of nanocomposite reinforcement degree... 

At present it is obvious that polymeric systems by virtue of the special features of their structure are always nanostructural systems [1]. However, treatment of such a structure can be different. The authors [2-4] used for this purpose the cluster model of the amorphous state structure of polymers [5-7], which supposes that the indicated structure consists of local order domains (clusters), immersed into a loosely packed matrix. In this case the latter is considered as a natural nanocomposite matrix and the clusters as a nanofiller. A cluster presents itself as a set of several densely packed collinear segments of various macromolecules with sizes up to several nanometres [5-7]. It has been shown that such clusters are true nanoparticles - the nanoworld objects (nanoclusters) [2],... 

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