Nanotubes and nanorods

G. Patzke, F. Krumeich, R. Nesper, Oxidic nanotubes and nanorods - anisotropic modules for a future nanotechnology. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed, 41 (2002) 2462. 

The growth of various nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanorods, and most recently graphene. 

This review focuses on nanoparticles, namely objects that are roughly spherical. We use the commonly accepted definition for nanoscale objects of having a dimension below 100 nm, and so identify nanoparticles as objects with a diameter of 100 nm or smaller. The review does not focus on larger aspect ratio nanoscale materials such as nanotubes and nanorods, though they are mentioned in some cases. 

Liu L, Kou HZ, Mo W, Liu H, Wang Y (2006) Surfactant assisted synthesis of a-Fe203 nanotubes and nanorods with shape dependent magnetic properties. J Phys Chem B 110 15218-15223... 

With the advent of nanomaterials, different types of polymer-based composites developed as multiple scale analysis down to the nanoscale became a trend for development of new materials with new properties. Multiscale materials modeling continue to play a role in these endeavors as well. For example, Qian et al. [257] developed multiscale, multiphysics numerical tools to address simulations of carbon nanotubes and their associated effects in composites, including the mechanical properties of Young s modulus, bending stiffness, buckling, and strength. Maiti [258] also used multiscale modeling of carbon nanotubes for microelectronics applications. Friesecke and James [259] developed a concurrent numerical scheme to evaluate nanotubes and nanorods in a continuum. 

G. Friesecke, R.D. James A scheme for the passage from atomic to continuum theory for thin films, nanotubes and nanorods. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 48, 1519-1540 (2000)... 

Electron beam irradiation and laser ablation has been successful in producing the metal dichalcogenide nanotubes. Laser ablation of MoS2 and WS2 targets produces substantial amounts of inorganic fullerenes and nanotubes.64 Electron beam irradiation of bulk WS2 powder yields various nanostructures of WS2 including inorganic fullerenes, nanotubes and nanorods.65... 

Nath and Rao23,14 have investigated the thermal decomposition of the trisulfides of Group 4 and 5 metals prepared by the conventional solid state synthesis route, The decomposition of the trisulfides of Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta in a reducing atmosphere at elevated temperatures has indeed produced good yields of nanostructures, including nanotubes and nanorods. 

Hydrogel-assisted synthesis of nanotubes and nanorods of CdS, ZnS and CuS, showing some evidence for oriented attachment... 

By carrying out the reaction of appropriate metal compounds with Na2S in the presence of a tripodal cholamide-based hydrogel, nanotubes and nanorods of CdS, ZnS and CuS have been obtained. The nanostructures have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopic techniques. Evidence is presented for the assembly of short nanorods to form one-dimensional chains. 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

The ZnS nanotubes and nanorods were characterized by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and PL spectroscopy. The inset in Fig. 2a shows the absorption spectrum of the ZnS nanotubes. The band appearing at 318nm is blue-shifted relative to that of the bulk ZnS (350 nm) [17]. Nanowires of ZnS of diameter 5 nm were reported to show an absorption maximum around 326 nm [18], An absorption band at 320 nm has been reported in the case of ZnS quantum dots [19], The PL spectrum of ZnS nanotubes given in the inset of Fig. 2b exhibits two bands, a weak blue emission at 485 nm and a strong green emission around 538 nm. The 485 nm band is attributed to zinc vacancies in the ZnS lattice. Emission bands at 470 nm [20] and 498nm [21] have been reported in ZnS nanobelts. The 538 emission band is similar to that reported for ZnS nanobelts [22] and is considered to result from vacancy or interstitial states [22,23]. 

The template method for synthesizing nanostructures involves the synthesis of the desired material within the pores of a nanoporous membrane or other solid. This approach has been used in several experiments [224—229] for the preparation of Ti02 nanotubes and nanorods typically, porous aluminum oxide (PAO) nano-templates were used. 

A review of oxidic nanotubes and nanorods has been published while this manuscript was in press Patzke GR, Krumeich F, Nesper R (2002) Angew Chem Int Ed 41 2446... 

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