Nanostructured doping process

C. Cheng, J. Jiang, R. Tang, and F. Xi, Polyaniline nanostructures doped with mono-sulfonated dendrons via a self-assemhly process, Synth. Met., 145, 61-65 (2004). 

On the other hand, liquid phase deposition (LPD) has been demonstrated as a flexible wet chemical method for preparing metal oxide nanostructured films on electrode surfaces. By the LPD process, electroactive titanium dioxide (Ti02) films were prepared on graphite, glassy carbon and ITO. The electrochemical properties of such LPD Ti02 films were dependent upon the film thickness controlled by the deposition time. The LPD technique was easily combined with other techniques, e.g., seed-mediated growth, which could provide metal/metal oxide composite nanomaterials. Moreover, hybrid nanostructured films were facilely obtained by doping dyes, surfactants and other... 

Metal oxide nanostructures have been fabricated using different methods and preparation conditions. The most promising technique is sol-gel processing in combination with dipcoating technique.This method enables us to prepare spinel oxide thin film electrodes at ambient temperature with high level of doping and large surface area [117,118], The physical and chemical vapor deposition is another technique for metal oxide preparation [119,120],... 

In the case of porous materials incorporating intercalated or entrapped electroactive species, the response of such species will be significantly conditioned by electrolyte ions, because, as will be discussed in Chapter 2, charge conservation imposes severe constraints for possible charge-transfer processes. This aspect is also relevant for doping of nanostructured carbons and conducting polymers, discussed in Chapters 7 and 8, respectively. 

Experimental method and the theoretical approach developed to study relaxation processes in rare-earth doped crystals are briefly outlined on the examples of Er IiYF4 and Pr CsCdBr3. Possible applications to nanostructured materials are discussed. 

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