Nanoparticle synthesis spray pyrolysis

Rossignol C, Verelst M, Dexpert-Ghys J, Rul S. Synthesis of undoped ZnO nanoparticles by spray pyrolysis. Adv Sci Tech-nol 2006 45 237-241. 

Mueller R, Madler L, et al (2003) Nanoparticle synthesis at high production rates by flame spray pyrolysis. Chemical Engineering Science 58(10), 1969-1976... 

FIGURE 10.6 Result of the fitting using the fundamental parameter approach in ZnO/Si02 powder (2 1). The black and gray lines correspond to the measured and calculated XRD patterns, respectively. (From Tani, T., Madler, L., and Pratsinis, S.E., Synthesis of zinc oxide/silica composite nanoparticles by flame spray pyrolysis, J. Mater. Set, 37, 4627, 2002.)... 

By the spray pyrolysis method, prepared nanoparticles can be controlled under 100 nm. The reaction takes place in a nitrogen atmosphere followed by centrifugation and calcination process at high temperature to achieve the desired nanoparticles. It was one a time-consuming and cost-effective technique for the synthesis of nanoparticles and also it leads to some toxicity to the environment by using toxic organic substances (Ghorbani et al., 2011). 

T. Ogi, D. Hidayat, F. Iskandar, A. Purwanto, K. Okuyama Direct synthesis of highly crystalline transparent conducting oxide nanoparticles by low pressure spray pyrolysis. Adv. Powder Technol. 20 (2), 203-209 (2009). 

Figure 6.36. Illustrations of apparati used in the gas-phase synthesis of 0-D nanoparticles. Shown are (a) plasma system (b) spark-facilitated growth (c) laser vaporization/pyrolysisf (d) laser evaporation (e) laser ablation (f) inert-gas evaporation " (g) electrospray system " (h) spray pyrolysis. " ...

Mueller R., Madler L., Pratsinis S.E., Nanoparticle synthesis at high production rates by flame spray pyrolysis. Chem. Engng Sci. 2003 58(10) 1969-1976 Murphy, P.J., Posner A.M., Quirk J.P. Characterization ofpartially neutralized ferric nitrate solutions. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1976a 56(2) 270-283... 

In the following section, we review a number of chemical synthesis techniques to produce ferrite nanoparticles. These techniques include coprecipitation, sol-gel, microemulsion, and spray pyrolysis methods. Advantages as well as disadvantages of each technique with respect to size and composition of nanoparticles are examined. 

Many different methods have been reported for the production of metal oxide nanoparticles. The most common processes have been developed to synthesize oxide are chemical solution decomposition (CSD) [97], spray pyrolysis [98], CVD [99-101], two-step wet chemical method [102], sol-gel [103], ultrasonic irradiation [104,105], and ethanol thermal and hydrothermal method [106], Literature revealed that sol-gel is the most commonly used method for the preparation of metal oxide nanoparticles. It facilitates the synthesis of nanometer-sized crystallized metal oxide powder of high purity at a relatively low temperature [103]. 

Widely used methods in the synthesis of silica nanoparticles are the sol-gel process and flame synthesis [5]. The latter is an effective synthetic route to continuously produce extremely pure nanoparticles, but in many cases the final products are agglomerated or show low reactive surfaces that make them difficult to functionalize. Nevertheless, flame synthesis is a prominent method to commercially produce silica nanopartides in powder form [6]. It is being used since decades for the production of the so-called fumed siUca, which is a filler in many applications, for example, in the pharmaceutical or polymeric business [7]. The extension of this preparation route is the so-called flame spray pyrolysis that has expanded in the last two decades to many other material compositions and is a promising rapid technique for the production of nanopowders [8]. 

C. Panatarani, I. W. Lenggoro, K. Okuyama, Synthesis of single crystalline ZnO nanoparticles by salt-assisted spray pyrolysis, J. Nanopart. Res. 5 (2003) 47-53. 

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