Nanometer-scale roughness

Washburn NR, Yamada KM, Simon Jr. CG, Kennedy SB, Amis EJ. High-throughput investigation of osteoblast response to polymer crystallinity influence of nanometer-scale roughness on proliferation. Biomaterials 2004 25 1215-24. 

Han M, Sethuraman A, Kane RS, Belfort G. Nanometer-scale roughness having little effect on the amount or structure of adsorbed protein. Langmuir 2003 19 9868-72. 

AFM method is available to observe a nanometer scale roughness on the surface of the silicon wafer with native oxide. As a matter of course, topographical images of AFM could not imply the thickness information of the over layer film, and AFM methods might be unavailable for the area over than 10 cm due to the instrumentation limits. 

Though most experiments get similar results, some special results are also obtained in the measurements, e.g., the result shown in Fig. 31. The surface roughness of the point in the experiments of Fig. 31 is a little larger than for most other parts of the film. This shows that the topography of the L-B film plays an important role in the friction properties obtained by using FFM measurement. Therefore having the well-prepared and highly ordered L-B film is one important factor for friction measurements. However, results like the one shown in Fig. 31 can still be accepted. Because there are so many factors that can affect the experiment results at the nanometer scale, more experiments need to be done. 

Magnetoferritin consists of maghemite particles of an average diameter of 10 nm encaged within a roughly spherical protein shell. It is attracting the interest of researchers because of its narrow size distribution with nanometer-scale sizes (15). 

To summarise, the nanoscopic resolution is determined by the tip geometry and the surface deformation. Sharper tips and smaller deformations are recommended to resolve three dimensional objects of the nanometer size. However, these requirements are controversial. As the tip radius is reduced, the local pressure on the sample increases inversely to the radius. This dependence arises because the contact area is proportional to the square of the radius, whereas the interaction forces scale roughly with the tip dimension. Therefore, the resolution can be only improved if sharper tips will be used in combination with lower forces. 

Superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces are more effective at stabilizing two-phase microflows. These surfaces can be obtained by creating roughness utilizing titanium nanoparticles. Titanium modification of a microchannel yields nanometer-scale surface roughness, and subsequent... 

Most real surfaces are geometrically rough, from the micrometer down to the nanometer scale. The true surface area of a macroscopic object is usually larger than its apparent geometric area. 

In Section 2.1 the substrates used and their preparation have been summarized porous Ti02-x(0H)y/H20 coating the Si wafer, probably with an excess of H2O2 due the oxidation process of the sputtered Ti layer. In Section 3 it was described how ARXPS and STM/DTS confirmed the Ti02-x roughness on a nanometer scale but revealed a... 

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