Nanoliter samples

L. A. Holland and J. W. Jorgenson, Separ ation of nanoliter samples of biological amines by a comprehensive two-dimensional microcolumn liquid chr omatography system . Awn/. Chem. 67 3275-3283 (1995). 

In a different approach, Lin et al. have used particles derived from a ground MI-bulk polymer and mixed with a polyacryl amide gel for chiral separation. Using a polymer imprinted with L-phenylalanine, D-phenylalanine could be separated from the template with a separation factor of 1.45 [35]. Although the combination of MIP with capillary electrochromatography is still not widely used, the ability to separate enantiomers in nanoliter samples promises interesting developments for the future. 

DiesselE, Willmann S, Kamphaus P, Kurte R, Damm U, Heise HM. Glucose quantification in dried-down nanoliter samples using mid-infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy 2004, 58, 442-450. 

M 32] [P 29] Based on an analogy of the fluid flow with the current flow in a resistive circuit, the jet width was calculated for various pressures [113]. In the range of pressures investigated, jets from 1 down to 0.02 pm, i.e. 20 nm, width resulted. These calculated values are in excellent agreement with experimental data. Thus, mixing can be performed within microseconds with only nanoliter sample consumption. 

Olson DL, Peck TL, Webb AG, Magin RL, Sweedler JV, High resolution macrocoil XH NMR for mass-limited, nanoliter samples, Science, 270 1967-1970, 1995. 

Deflandre B, Gagne J-P (2001) Estimation of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) Concentrations in Nanoliter Samples Using UV Spectroscopy, Wat. Res. 35, No. 13 3057-3062. 

The greatest advance in Raman spectroscopy has been the development of the laser. These intense, monochromatic, polarized, small cross sectional area light beams are ideal sources (H15, H17). They have been used with special cells to observe spectra from — 150°C to 800°C, and spectra have been obtained from nanoliter samples. 

Olson, D.L. Lacy, M.E. Sweedler, J.V. High resolution microcoil NMR for analysis of mass-limited, nanoliter samples. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 645-650. 

Bioluminescence-based analytical assays were used to measure various analytes in nanoliter sample volumes. Nanoliter volumes of multiple bioluminescent analytical assays were deposited in an array format and lyophilized. ATP-firefly luciferase (FFL) and NADH-bacterial luciferase (BL) platform reactions were compared. We achieved parallel sample delivery via sample-hydrated membranes. A CCD camera measured the luminescent kinetics for each assay. These miniaturized assays and instruments can he prepared as micro-analytical systems to operate in point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices. 

Chromatographic methods also introduce a high level of uncertainty in qualitative and quantitative analysis, especially when low concentration levels are involved (e.g., CGC used for nanoliter samples of inorganic ions assay, with a limit of detection on the order of 10"9 mol/1, has an RSD larger than 5.0% 308). Because of the impossibility of having an ideal standard or RM for the analysis of most samples, the uncertainty of the qualitative analysis or peaks identification is high in chromatography.309... 

Sato T, Kawai K, Kanai M, Shoji S (2009) Development of all fluoroplastic microfluidic device applied as a nanoliter sample injector. Jpn J Appl Phys 48 No.06FJ03... 

Both the theoretical studies and the experimental studies have demonstrated that the loading and dispensing of sub-nanoliter samples using a microfluidic-crossing microchannel chip can be well controlled electrokinetically. The abiUty to inject and transport large axial extent. 

Samples for UV/VIS spectroscopy can be solids, liquids, or gases. Different types of holders have been designed for these sample types. As will be discussed in Section 5.2.6, a new class of spectrometers designed for nanoliter sample volumes does not use the standard sample cells described in the following. 

An approach to avoid either sample waste or sample-induced line broadening is to use susceptibility-matched plugs which are placed at both ends of the sample plug. This technique is broadly used for conventional probes [8], but Behnia and Webb [9] showed that this technique will also work for nanoliter samples in capillaries. They demonstrated spectra of 5% H20-95% D2O in different sample configurations in a... 

CE-NMR on nanoliter samples was first reported by Wu et al. [32] (see also the section on solenoids). They observed a separation efficiency of 5000 theoretical plates for cysteine, poor for CE but comparable to the best reported LC-NMR results. Eurther publications on this subject have shown the capabilitiesofthe combination of CE and micro-NMR [33-35]. 

What is the possibility that the anomalous drift observed in the nanoliter samples is caused by dissolution of the antimony oxide producing a change in pH in the basic direction ... 

Mahoney PP, Hieftje GM (1994) Fluorometric analysis on individual nanoliter sample droplets. Appl Spectrosc 48(8) 956-958. doi 10.1366/0003702944029785... 

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