Nanofiltration membrane fouling

R. Liikanen, J. Yli-Kuivila, and R. Laukkanen, Efficiency of various chemical cleanings for nanofiltration membrane fouled by conventionally-treated surface water. Journal of Membrane Science 195, 265-276 (2002). 

Abu Seman, M.N., Khayet, M., Bin Ali, Z.L. and Hilal, N. 2010. Reduction of nanofiltration membrane fouling by UV-irradiated graft polymerization technique. 355 ... 

FIGURE 5.14 The ATR-FTIR spectra of the unmodified membrane (NFPESIO) and the modified membranes using 5 g/1 AA at 5 min UV irradiation (5AA-5) and 30 g/1 AA at 3 min UV irradiation (30AA-3). (From Journal of Membrane Science, 355, Abu Seman, M.N., Khayet, M., Bin Ali, Z.I., and Hilal, N., Reduction of nanofiltration membrane fouling by UV-initiated graft polymerization technique, 133-141, Copyright (2010), with permission from Elsevier.)... 

Lee, S., Cho, J. and Elimelech, M. (2005). Combined influence of natural organic matter (NOM) and colloidal particles on nanofiltration membrane fouling. J. Membr. Sci. 262, 27-41. 

M.N.A. Seman, M. Khayet, Z.l. Bin Ah, N. HUal, Reduction of nanofiltration membrane fouling by UV-initiated graft polymerization technique, J Memb Sci, 355 (2010) 133-141. 

D. Violleau, H. Essis-Tome, H. Habarou, J.P. Croue, M. Pontie, fouling studies of a polyamide nanofiltration membrane by selected natural organic matter an analytical approach, Desalination 173 (2005) 223-238. 

Seidel, Arza, and Menachem Elimelech, Coupling Between Chemical and Physical Interactions in Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Fouling of Nanofiltration Membranes Implications for Fouling Control," Journal of Membrane Science, 203 (2002). 

Nanofiltration membranes are "tighter" then either MF or UF membranes but "looser" than RO membranes. They can be used to remove dissolved species, such as hardness and color. Recent developments in NF membranes have made them applicable to de-color feed water without chlorination and with minimal membrane fouling (see Chapter 16.2). 

Li, Qilin, and Menachem Elimelech, "Organic Fouling and Chemical Cleaning of Nanofiltration Membranes Measurements and Mechanisms," volume 38, number 17,2004. 

Bartels, Craig, Kirk Lai, and Mark Wilf, "New Generation of Low Fouling Nanofiltration Membranes," paper presented at the 2007 EDS Conference, Halkidiki, Greece, April, 2007. 

Tang, C.Y., Criddle, Q.S., Eu, C.S., and Leckie, J.O. 2007. Effect of flux (transmembrane pressure) and membranes properties on fouling and rejection of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes treating perfluorooctane sulfonate containing waste water. Environmental Science and Technology, 41 2008-14. 

Shaalan H.F., Development of fouling control strategies pertinent to nanofiltration membranes. Euromed May 2002. 

Vrijenhoek EM, Hong S, and Elimelech M. Influence of membrane surface properties on initial rate of colloidal fouling of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2001 188 155-128. 

S. Hong and M. Elimelech, Chemical and physical aspects of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of nanofiltration membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 132, 159-181 (1997). 

Baker J., Stephenson T., Dard S., Cote P. (1995), Characterisation of fouling of nanofiltration membranes used to treat surface waters. Environmental Technology, 16, 977-985. 

DiGiano F.A., Braghetta A., Nilson J., Utne B. (1994), Fouling of nanofiltration membranes by natural organic matter. National Conference on Environmental Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, 320-328. 

An, Q., Li, F, Ji, Y., and Chen, H. 2011. Influence of polyvinyl alcohol on the surface morphology, separation and anti-fouling performance of the composite polyamide nanofiltration membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 367 158-165. 

Currently, the pressure-driven membrane processes, reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF), and microfiltration (MF), are widely used in water treatment, biotechnology, food industry, medicine, and other fields (Baker 2004). However, one of the main problems arising from the operation of the manbrane units is membrane fouling, which seriously hampers the applications of manbrane technologies (Scot and Hughes 1996). 

Asatekin, A., Olivetti, E.A. and Mayes, A.M. 2009. Fouling resistant, high flux nanofiltration membranes from polyacrylonitrile-grq -poly(ethylene oxide), 332 ... 

Ba, C., Ladner, D.A. and Economy, J. 2010. Using polyelectrolyte coatings to improve fouling resistance of a positively charged nanofiltration membrane. 347 ... 

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