Nephrotoxicity mycotoxins

Mycotoxins, selected ochratoxins, trichothecenes, ergot (No. 105,1990) Nephrotoxicity associated with exposure to chemicals, principles and methods for the assessment of (No. 119,1991) Neurotoxicity associated with exposure to chemicals, principles and methods for the assessment of (No. 60,1986) Neurotoxicity risk assessment for human health, principles and approaches (No. 223,2001)... 

The different biosynthetic pathways through which mycotoxins are produced result in a broad diversity of chemical structures and, consequently, in a variety of toxic effects in humans and animals. An excellent review of the toxic effect of mycotoxins (3) is based on a system approach, where the toxic effects are discussed on the basis of the body systems affected by the mycotoxins. Hepatotoxic, gastrointestinal, hematopoietic, and nephrotoxic effects are treated, as well as... 

Mycotoxins are defined as mould derived secondary metabohtes and include Ochratoxin A (OTA). OTA, produced by Aspergillus ochraeus and Penicillium ver-rucosum, can be found as a contaminant in grain, beer, coffee and meat. OTA is nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and carcinogenic [197]. 

Apart from their acute and chronic toxicity, mycotoxins may possess carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties. They may act primarily on the liver (hepatotoxicity), kidney (nephrotoxicity), nervous (neurotoxicity), and immune systems (immunotoxicity or immunosuppression), on the uterus (uterotropism), and on the skin (dermatotoxicity), or they may act as... 

Since citrinin is a mycotoxin and possesses nephrotoxic and hepato-toxic effects, it has a negative impact on the acceptance of red mold rice by consumers. Studies on MRP with a high concentration of monacolin K and a low concentration of citrinin have been conducted by several laboratories (Chen and Hu, 2005 Wang et al., 2004). Since citrinin possesses antibacterial activity for B. subtilis, a simple and quick selection method for mutant strains with low citrinin production was developed based on the formation of an inhibition zone around the colony of the Monascus strain (Wang et al., 2004). Their results showed that mutant strain, M. purpureus N 301, only produced 0.23 mg/kg citrinin, which was 50% less than that of the parent strain. Chen and Hu (2005) obtained... 

Van Egmond H.P. (1991) Methods for determining ochratoxin A and other nephrotoxic mycotoxins. lARC Scientif. Publ., 115, 57-70. 

Moreover, fungi can synthesize various toxins [148] such as aflatoxins which are powerful hepatocarcinogenic agents produced by Aspergillus flavus, or ochratoxins, which are carcinogenic and nephrotoxic mycotoxins synthesized by Aspergillus ochraceus [149]. 

The assessment of dietary risk of exposure to fumonisins is relatively complicated with regard to a variety of individual mycotoxins. In some types of maize products, fumonisins that are not currently monitored may significantly contribute to the toxic effects. Fumonisins cause a number of livestock diseases, such as mycotoxicosis known as Equine LEucoencephaloMalasia (ELEM) in horses or Porcine Pulmonary oEdema (PPE) in pigs. Intoxication by higher doses of mycotoxins can be fatal in both cases. In connection with the possible occurrence of fumonisins in foods, their hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity to humans and carcinogenicity demonstrated... 

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