Mutually protective effect

Pits seldom form in close proximity to one another and it would appear that the area of passivated metal, which acts as the cathode for the local cell, is protected by the anodic dissolution of metal within the pit—a phenomenon that is referred to as the mutually protective effect see Section 1.5). 

El-Begearmi, M.M., M.L. Sunde, and H. E. Ganther. 1977. A mutual protective effect of mercury and selenium in Japanese quail. Poult. Sci. 56 313-322. 

On the other hand, if the cell suspensions are too low in concentration, the cell viability might be lowered through lack of the protective effects generated by mutual contact of the cells. Furthermore, in the process of drying, the cells will be dispersed by the stream of water vapor formed during ice crystal sublimation because they lack effective networks. As a result, many cells will be lost in the process. 

The cardiovascular results in VIGOR may have occurred simply by chance, given the low number of events, or because naproxen may have a cardioprotective effect similar to that of aspirin, or because rofecoxib 50 mg/day could have prothrombotic effects, especially in the absence of concomitant COX-1 inhibition in patients at increased risk of cardiovascular thromboembolic events. Because there was no untreated group in VIGOR, we do not know whether this finding suggests a protective effect of naproxen or a harmful effect of rofecoxib. All three explanations are plausible, and they are not mutually exclusive. 

Milligan et al. [31,32] have shown in many works that in precipitation of hydroxides they prevent crystallization of one another and as a result, materials are produced that are amorphous according to X-ray analysis. Milligan has ascribed this effect to adsorption of one oxide on the surface of another. The mutual protection must be accompanied by an increase of the specific area. This view is shared by many authors, in spite of the fact that it neglects the nature of components in the mixture and their interaction and, which is most important, does not clear up the mechanism and compositions necessary for the development of the most extensive specific surface area. 

Mutual Adsorption of ITltramicrons. Protection Effects.—The adsorption of colloids by finely divided charcoal is closely allied to the talcing up of colloids by the ultramicrons of other colloids. It plays as important a role in the precipitation of colloids as it does in protective effects. In general the protective colloid is taken up or adsorbed by the particles of the irreversible colloid, even though the signs of the electric charges are the same. Occasionally the process is reversed, and the particles of the irreversible are adsorbed by the protective colloid. This last phenomenon may be followed under the ultramicroscope when the protective colloid is present in a not too fine state of division. See Chapter V. 

Direct evidence for the union of the particles was obtained by noting the dependence of the protective effect upon the concentration and the time occupied by the reaction. If the protective effect is not due to the mutual action of the particles of the two colloids upon each other, then it should be practically instantaneous as soon as the mixing is complete. Experiment shows, however, that several minutes are often necessary before the protection is complete. The time is doubtless taken up in formation of the union between the particles. The concentration of the protective colloid when it is added to the... 

For any proposed suppression system design, it is necessary to ascribe with confidence an effective worst-case suppressed maximum explosion overpressure Pred.max- Provided that the suppressed explosion overpressure is less than the process equipment pressure shoclc resistance and provided further that this projected suppression is achieved with a sufficient margin of safety, explosion protection security is assured. These two criteria are mutually independent, but both must be satisfied if a suppression system is to be deployed to provide industrial explosion protection. 

Once a toller has been selected and any required preliminary confidentiality protection is in place, the client typically shares more detailed information. The toller can then make an informed decision about the economic, technical, and safety aspects involved in bidding the work. If the two parties decide the project will be mutually beneficial, agreements and obligations are negotiated and then formalized in a written contract. Both parties—the client and the toller—have roles in fulfilling the contract and in carrying out their responsibilities to the workers and the public. The purpose of the written contract is to clarify and document those roles and responsibilities to effectively execute, maintain and eventually terminate the project. 

The role of the matrix is to protect the filler from corrosive action of the enviroment and to ensure interactions between the fibers by mechanical, physical and chemical effects. The mechanical properties of fiber composites are dependent on the mutual position of the fibers in the monolithic materials. 

Eubanks, M. D. and Styrsky, J. D. 2005. Effects of plant feeding on the perfomance of omnivorous predators . In Plant-Provided Food for Carnivorous Insects A Protective Mutualism and Its Applications. (Wackers, E. L., van Rijn, P. C. J. and Bruin, J., eds), pp. 148-177. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 

Using exclusion experiments, several studies were able to demonstrate that ants effectively protect the plant against herbivory (O Dowd and Catchpole, 1983 Wagner, 1997 but see O Dowd and Catchpole, 1983 Rico-Gray and Thien, 1989). In the same way, reduction of herbivory has recently been demonstrated in mutualisms between extrafloral nectaries and spiders (Ruhren and Handel, 1999), as well as predatory wasps (V. Rico-Gray, personal communication). 

A major advantage is the potential to lock (and protect) written information in the photobistable material. A number of chemical gated systems involving mutual regulation of the photochromic event and, for instance, fluorescence, ion binding, or electrochemical properties have been reported.1501 Scheme 19 illustrates a chiral gated response system based on donor-acceptor substituted alkene 17.[511 The photochemical isomerization process of both the M-ds and the P-trans form was effectively blocked by the addition of trifluoroacetic acid. Protonation of the dimethyl-amine donor unit of M-rfs-17a and P-trons-17b resulted in an ineffective acceptor-acceptor (nitro and ammonium) substituted thioxanthene lower half. Since the stereoselective photoisomerization of 17 relies on the presence of both a donor and acceptor unit, photochemical switching could be restored by deprotonation by the addition of triethylamine. 

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