0 mutations Threonine

N. Mizushima, D. Spellmeyer, S. Hirono, D. Pearlman, and P. Kollman, Free energy perturbation calculations on binding and catalysis after mutating threonine 220 in subtilisin, J. Biol. Chem. 266 11801 (1991). 

We have applied this method and initially validated the technology in a model system employing the EGF receptor (EGF-R) and its specific inhibitors PD153035 [52]. Figure 6.4 a shows the rationale for mutating threonine residue 766 of the EGF-R to a methionine (EGF-RT766M). As expected, PD153035 very potently inhibits... 

Imai, M., Shimada, H., Watanabe, Y., Matsushima-Hibiya, Y., Makino, R., Koga, H., Horiuchi, T., and Ishimura, Y., 1989, Uncoupling of the cytochrome P450 cam monooxygenase reaction by a single mutation, threonine-252 to alanine or valine A possible role of the hydroxy amino acid in oxygen activation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 782367827. 

Many kinds of amino acids (eg, L-lysine, L-omithine, t-phenylalanine, L-threonine, L-tyrosine, L-valine) are accumulated by auxotrophic mutant strains (which are altered to require some growth factors such as vitamins and amino acids) (Table 6, Primary mutation) (22). In these mutants, the formation of regulatory effector(s) on the amino acid biosynthesis is genetically blocked and the concentration of the effector(s) is kept low enough to release the regulation and iaduce the overproduction of the corresponding amino acid and its accumulation outside the cells (22). 

Mutation. For industrial appHcations, mutations are induced by x-rays, uv irradiation or chemicals (iiitrosoguanidine, EMS, MMS, etc). Mutant selections based on amino acid or nucleotide base analogue resistance or treatment with Nystatin or 2-deoxyglucose to select auxotrophs or temperature-sensitive mutations are easily carried out. Examples of useful mutants are strains of Candida membranefaciens, which produce L-threonine Hansenu/a anomala, which produces tryptophan or strains of Candida lipolytica that produce citric acid. An auxotrophic mutant of S. cerevisiae that requires leucine for growth has been produced for use in wine fermentations (see also Wine). This yeast produces only minimal quantities of isoamyl alcohol, a fusel oil fraction derived from leucine by the Ehrlich reaction (10,11). A mutant strain of bakers yeast with cold-sensitive metaboHsm shows increased stabiUty and has been marketed in Japan for use in doughs stored in the refrigerator (12). 

Polymorphism of the MC1R gene on chromosome 16 (16q24), which is associated with red hair, also increases susceptibility to melanoma.23 Mutations affecting the serine-threonine kinase B-RAF gene have been reported with high rates in individuals with MM.24 The RAF serine-threonine... 

Symington SB, Frisbie RK, Kim HJ, Clark JM (2007) Mutation of threonine 422 to glutamic acid mimics the phosphorylation state and alters the action of deltamethrin on Cav2.2. Pestic Biochem Physiol 88 312-320... 

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