Mussolini. Benito

Moravec, General Frantisek, 90, 93 Morocco, 44, 101 Morrison, Herbert, 115 mosquitoes, 96, 161, 163, 165—7 Moss, Robert, 110 Mrugowsky, Oberfiihrert 60-1 Munich crisis, 50, 107 Munster, 51, 58 Mussolini, Benito, 61... 

The year he received the Nobel Prize was a difficult time in Europe. Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) had just come to power in Italy. Mussolini followed many of the same unjust policies as Nazi leader Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) did In Germany. One of these policies was antl-SemItIsm (hostility toward Jews). Fermi, whose wife was Jewish, began to worry about what might happen if they stayed in Italy. Like many other scientists in Europe, he decided to come to the United States, where he took a job at Columbia University in New York. 

The first major use of chemical weapons after World War I came in 1935 during the Italian-Ethiopian War. On 3 October 1935, Benito Mussolini launched an invasion of Ethiopia from its neighbors Eritrea, an Italian colony, and Italian Somaliland. Ethiopia protested the invasion to the League of Nations, which in turn imposed limited economic sanctions against Italy. These sanctions, although not crippling, put a deadline pressure on Italy to either win the war or withdraw. 

At the end of that summer of 1927 the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini convened an International Physical Congress at Como on the southwestern end of Qord-like Lake Como in the lake district of northern Italy. The congress commemorated the centennial of the death in 1827 of Alessandro Volta, the Como-bom Italian physicist who invented the electric battery and after whom the standard unit of electrical potential, the volt, is named. Everyone went to Como except Einstein, who refused to lend his prestige to Fascism. Everyone went because quantum theory was beleaguered and Niels Bohr was scheduled to speak in its defense. 

As early as 1925, Benito Mussolini had authorised contingency planning for a full-scale military invasion of Ethiopia whenever events in Europe afforded him the opportunity to do so. Although he ratified... 

Susmel, E. and D. (eds.). Opera Omnia di Benito Mussolini. Florence, 1951-U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Arms Control and Disarmament Agreements. Texts and History of Negotiations. Washington D.C., 1977. 

On October 3,1935, the dictator of Italy, Benito Mussolini, invaded Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia). Heavily outgunned and ill-equipped to fight a modern war, Ethiopian forces put up a valiant, guerrilla-style struggle in their defense. In an attempt to achieve quick victory, Mussolini s army utilized chemical weapons during this brief conflict. Events that took place 20 years prior to this war had much to do with Italy s decision to use such weapons. 

Enrico Fermi An Italian-born physicist, Fermi won the Nobel Prize for showing how isotopes could be created during fission. After fleeing the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini, Fermi worked on the Manhattan... 

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