Muscle-derived differentiation factor

Muscle-derived differentiation factor (MDF) induces tyrosine hydroxylase expression in a variety of central nervous system neurons, including those of striatum, cerebellum, and cortex. Normally, i.e., without MDF, these neurons do not express this enzyme of catecholamine synthesis. Further in vitro studies revealed that MDF enhances TH-mRNA 40-fold in fetal mesencephalic neurons. In vivo studies, employing infusion of partially isolated MDF, reported this molecule to enhance tyrosine hydroxylase activity in dopamine-depleted striata of 6-OHDA-lesioned animals. Furthermore, an increase of striatal dopamine concentrations and a partial compensation of rotational asymmetry were observed. In contrast, dopaminergic parameters were not affected by administration of MDF in control animals, suggesting that adult dopaminergic neurons may regain sensitivity toward differentiation factors after lesion. 

Muscle-derived differentiation factor-responsive non-catecholaminergic neurons... 

Time course of muscle-derived differentiation factor icacy... 

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A variety of stem cell types, such as BMSCs, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), muscle-derived stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), among others, have been applied not only due to their differentiation capability but also because their ability to secrete various trophic factors (Georgiou et al., 2013, 2015 Ding et al., 2010 Kolar and Kingham, 2014 Lavasani et al., 2014 Mohanunadi et al., 2013 Sugimura-Wakayama et al., 2015). 

G-CSF mobilizes bone marrow-derived cells into the bloodstream. These stem cells can migrate to ischemic myocardium and differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. They may also induce metalloproteinases and vascular endothelial growth factor and thus play a role in tissue healing. Furthermore, G-CSF induces proliferation and enhanced survival of cardiomyocytes. This is accomplished via activation of G-CSF receptors in myocardium. G-CSF in association with TGF- 3 and collagen enhances ventricular expansion in the infarcted area. 

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