Muon charge ratio

In an alternate interpretation the muon/electron charge ratio can be extracted. For hydrogen-like systems the leading order for the gross structure energy is proportional to (Z2a)a/n2 where Z is the nuclear charge in units of the... 

Muonic atoms (e.g. p" ), on the other hand, are obtained by absorption of negatively charged muons. In these atoms, replaces an electron in the electron shell. Due to the relatively high mass of (T compared with that of e, their interaction with the nucleus is rather strong, and muons serve as probes to study the properties of nuclei. As the ratio of the atomic orbit is inversely proportional to the mass of the... 

The three-body decay of muons includes a charged electron and a neutrino and antineutrino, each of the type or flavor to conserve a separate lepton number, i.e one muon type and one electron type, while the meson (pion or kaon) decay produces almost exclusively muon type neutrinos or antineutrinos (see Table I). As a consequence, atmospheric neutrinos interacting in a detector such as K-II or SuperK would be expected to produce, on average, twice as many muons as electrons. The double ratio / meas (no. of muons/no. of electrons) divided by / caic (no. of muons/ no. of electrons) was explored in K-II and subsequently in Super K, and the results are shown in Table VI, where it is seen that apart from one experiment (Frejus less than three standard deviations from the average of the other experiments), the double ratio / meas// caic is significantly different from the expected value of unity. 

---