Multiplicative prefixes species

The names of polyatomic electronegative groups are derived in various ways. Homoatomic species are designated using an appropriate multiplicative prefix. 

In the simplest case, the species to be named consists of only one element, and the name is formed by adding the relevant multiplicative prefix to the element name (e.g. S8, octasulfur). This case is exemplified in Section IR-3.4.3. 

Homopolyatomic cations are named by adding the charge number to the stoichiometric name of the corresponding neutral species, i.e. the element name with the appropriate multiplicative prefix. Radical dots may be added to indicate the presence of unpaired electrons. 

In bridged dinuclear species, bridging ligands are indicated by the Greek letter p, placed before the ligand name and separated from it by a hyphen. The whole term, e.g. p-chlorido , is separated from the rest of the name by hyphens. If the bridging ligand occurs more than once, multiplicative prefixes are employed (see also Sections IR-9.1.2.10 and IR-9.2.5.2). 

The defining event of a radioactive nuclide is the transformation of its nucleus into the nucleus of another species, that is, radioactive decay. The number of nuclear transformations occurring per unit of time is called activity . Sometimes radioactivity is used instead of activity . The traditional unit of activity has been the Curie (Ci), which is equal to 3.7 X 10 ° nuclear transformations per second. The conversion of radiation units to the international system (Sysfme International d Unit or SI) has now taken place in the United States. The more fundamental unit of activity, the Becquerel (Bq), equal to 1 nuclear transformation per second, has replaced the Curie. Both units of activity are modified by prefixes such as kilo-, milli-, and micro- to achieve standard multiples of the fundamental unit. A listing of the most commonly used prefixes is given in Table 1. 

L nits of atmospheric emission rates and fluxes. Fluxes of sulfur and other species into the atmosphere are expressed in yearl> amounts, using the prefixes given in Table A.5. Sulfur fluxes, for example, as shown in Figure 2.1. are usuall> expre.ssed as multiples of Tg yr (I Tg = lO " g). An alternative is to employ the metric ton (1 t - lO g = 10 kg). CO. fluxes, as shown on the right-hand side of Figure 2.1, are often expressed as multiples of gigatons. Gtt 1 Gt = lO t = lO g = 1 Pg). 

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