Multiple-Cause, Systems-Oriented

The earliest logic trees were based on engineering fault tree analysis methods. Today, companies use a number of variations or combinations of logic trees and call them by different names, such as Why Tree,< 9) Causal Tree,(20,21) Cause and Effect Logic Diagram (CELD),<22) and Multiple-Cause, Systems-Oriented Incident Investigation (MCS011).<23,24) tools have more similarities than differences. 

Causal Trees were developed in an effort to use the principles of deductive logic found in Fault Tree but make it more user-friendly. Originally, private companies developed the Causal Tree Method (CTM) for safety, process safety, and environmental incident investigations applications. Rhone-Poulenc, for example, was an early user.<20.21) Multiple-Cause Systems Oriented Incident Investigation (MCSOfl) is another name for the CTM. At this time, most companies use simplified versions of fault trees for complex incident investigations. 

MCSOII Multiple-Cause, Systems-Oriented Incident Investigation... 

Rohm and Haas uses Multiple-Cause, Systems-Oriented Incident Investigation techniques (MCSOII), or mac-soy. It is a direct adaptation of the Fault Tree Analysis logic and the Deming Principles of Systems and Quality. [10] The method was developed to improve the overall quality of investigations, to increase the uniformity of investigation made by various teams, and improve the usefulness of the proposed corrective actions. The quality of the mac-soy or MCSOII investigation is improved because the method [10]... 

Type 3 Multiple-cause, systems-oriented investigation that focuses on root-cause determination, integrated with an overall process safety-management program... 

Dowell, A. M. Guidelines for Systems Oriented Multiple Cause Incident Investigations. Deer Park, TX Rohm and Haas Texas Inc. Risk Analysis Department, 1990. 

Similar expressions can be written for any strain or stress component in any reference system. In Equation (79) a,- is in fact a placeholder for a,-, e,-, cr,-, Si and also for 8h that gives the diffraction peak shift caused by the strain in a crystallite. To calculate the peak shift for a polycrystalline sample, 8h (R + r, g) given by Equation (79) must be averaged over r, k and g, where g represents those crystallite orientations for which h is parallel to y, the direction in the sample of the scattering vector. Taking account that the sample could be textured this multiple average is the following ... 

The structure and orientation of the reinforcing fibers in the matrix system are essential for the mechanical properties of the work-piece. The choice of a particular architecture is dependent on multiple factors like drapeabiUty of the fabric, geometry/shape of the workpiece, mechanical requirements, and manufacturing process. Compraients made of unidirectional layers (laminates) are showing the best mechanical properties since the fibers are completely stretched (no undulation). Usually the single layers of a laminate are showing different fiber orientations. This causes anisotropic material behavior in the planar direction. The structure of a multiaxial layered laminate is shown in Fig. 2. 

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