Multi-lifetime components

If the values calculated in these two ways are identical, the fluorescence decay is indeed a single exponential. Otherwise, for a multi-component decay, t < tm. In this case, several series of images have to be acquired at different frequencies (at least 5 for a triple exponential decay because three lifetimes and two fractional amplitudes are to be determined), which is a challenging computational problem. 

The emission-lifetime measurements in ns-time region were also carried out for the two emission bands. Multi-exponential decay behavior was observed for both the emission bands. Fast decay component at >.=480 nm less than the order of ns was attributed to the recombination of electrons and holes. Slow decay component at >,=480 nm in the order of a few ns was attributed to thermal detrapping of the electron from the surface states to the conduction band since such thermal activation could enhance the lifetime at the band-edge emission. The emission lifetime at >.=480 nm increased as excess Cshallow trap sites. 

The empiricism that appears to follow the corrosion engineer arises from the multi-factor, multi-component situations which are present within all common articles of commerce, be they made from iron, aluminum, or more exotic material combinations. The variables are continually interacting in increasingly complex ways so we can become engrossed for even a lifetime with just one problem in performance such as airfoil stress corrosion cracking, boiler feed water stabilizations, or corrosion inhibiting paints, and many more. But does this mean the work lacks for glamour and excitement ... 

It seems that as the module theory developed the knowledge of rare earth higher oxides may be matured and multi-component rare earth higher oxides may be developed. Rare earth higher oxides, for which Professor L. Eyring spent his lifetime to understand, will be the most important materials for catalyst, solid oxide fuel cell, hydrogen production, and sensors. 

Definition 10. The multi-state series-consecutive m out of k F system is called homogeneous if its components lifetimes Ty have an identical distribution function... 

The formulae for multi-state reliability function of a regular and homogeneous series consecutive m out of k F system has been applied to reliability evaluation of exemplary system composed of ageing components. The considered system was a five-state ageing series-consecutive 3 out of 7 F system composed of subsystems with mixed reliability functions for all its components. On the basis of the recurrent formula for considering system multistate reliability function the approximate values of its vector components have been calculated and presented in tables and illustrated graphically. On the basis of these values the mean values and standard deviations of the considering system lifetimes in the reliability state subsets and the mean values of this system lifetimes in particular reliability states have been estimated. 

When several metal ion sites are present in a compound, population analysis can be carried out in two main ways. For Eu , since the intensity of the MD transition Do —> Fi is independent of the metal-ion environment, a spectral decomposition of the transition recorded under broad band excitation into its components measured imder selective laser excitation, followed by integration yields the population Pi of each site [31]. More generally, one can rely on lifetime measurement, since the luminescence decay will be a multi-exponential function which may be analyzed, for instance, with Origin , using the following equations ... 

The trapping of positrons by lattice defects is clearly established in Tl2Ba2CaCu20g by the occurrence of multi components in the lifetime spectra (Sundar et al. 1990a, Jean et al. 1989a) and in the lineshape (Pujari et al. 1989), and by deviations from the lifetime calculated for the defect-free structure (Barbiellini et al. 1994). 

Upon addition ofTi02 nanoparticles, the fluorescence intensity of courmain-343 was quenched and a new, red-shifted, emission band developed. The fluorescence decay could be fitted to a multi-exponential fimction, with life times of 190 ps (82%), 1.8 ns (6%) and 4.4 ns (12%). The first two components were attributed to radiative back electron transfer from the nanoparticles to strongly and weakly coupled compounds. The 4.4 ns lifetime was assigned to courmain-343 excited states that did not inject electrons into the conduction band. It was noted that the dynamics of the back electron transfer, measured by... 

In a multi-state m out of n system with dependent components we may consider the dependency of changes of their ageing reliability states and assume that after changing the reliability state subset by one of system components to the worse reliability state subset, lifetimes of remaining system components in this reliability state subset decrease (Blokus-Roszkowska 2007b, Kolowrocki 2013). More exactly, we assume that if anyone of system components gets out of the reliability state subset u, u + 1, z, then the reli-... 

Then we can consider a multi-state m out of / -series system defined in (Kolowrocki 2004) and its multi-state reliability function in case its components are dependent. To this end, we assume similarly as in formula (2) for a m out of system that if v,v= 0,1,2,...,/-1, components of each w out of r subsystem of a system are out of the reliability state subset , h- 1,. .., z, the mean values of lifetimes Ty u) in the reliability state subset , MH-1,..., z of this subsystem remaining components are given by... 

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