Multi-intercalation

The formation of fullerenes and CNTs has also been affected by their environmental atmosphere [22] and, in particular, a hydrogen atmosphere plays an important role in forming graphitic structures of multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) in the form of buckybundles [24]. Intercalation into MWCNTs has been difficult or impossible, because there is no space for intercalants to enter into a Russian-doll-type structure of the nanotubes. However, the buckybundles formed in the hydrogen arc discharge were found to be successfully intercalated with potassium and ferric chloride (FeCl3) without breaking the... 

Raedler, J.O., Koltover, I., Salditt, T. and Safinya, C.R. (1997) Structure of DNA-cationic liposome complexes DNA intercalation in multi-lamellar membranes in distinct interhelical packing regimes. Science, 275, 810-814. 

In the example with aniline, the aniline vapor was provided by the equilibrium vapor liquid aniline. Vapor-phase intercalation can be done with compounds that are gases at room temperature and ambient pressure. The most common gas used for intercalation reactions is ammonia. Ammonia intercalation can be accomplished by exposing a host to the vapor generated by a concentrated aqueous ammonia solution. This multi-component vapor containing NH3(g), IfeOQj),... 

Carbon and graphite are used in batteries as electrodes or as additives in order to enhance the electronic conductivity of the electrodes. As electrodes, graphites and disordered carbons reversibly insert lithium, and hence they may serve as the anode material in -> lithium batteries. Graphitic carbons intercalate lithium in a reversible multi-stage process up to LiC6 (a theoretical capacity of 372 mAh g-1) and are used as the main anode material in commercial rechargeable Li ion batteries. As additives, carbon and graphite can be found in most of... 

Multi-drug regimens used to treat cancers (e.g., lymphomas) sometimes include the drug doxorubicin (adriamycin). It is a natural product with a complex multi-ring structure that intercalates or slips in between the stacked base pairs of DNA and inhibits replication and transcription. 

A structural model was not elaborated, but some speculative views were given for a possible multi-iodine intercalation in a layer-like fashion. 

The anomers 65, containing the intercalator and carbohydrate moieties of the endiyne antibiotic neocarzinostatin, were synthesized from 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose. They were shown to cleave DNA under photoirradiation (365 nm), but with a different site selectivity from that of neocarzinostatin. A multi-gram synthesis of UDP-iV-acetylmuramic acid was made possible by an improved synthesis of the 1-phosphate precursor. ... 

Studies of thermal and fiie resistant properties of the polypropylene/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites (PP/MWCNT) prepared by means of melt intercalation are discussed. The sets of the data acquired with the aid of non-isothermal thermogravi-metric (TG) experiments have been treated by the model kinetic analysis. The thermal-oxidative degradation behavior of PP/MWCNT and stabilizing effect caused by addition of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) has been investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and election paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. 

Figure 28.16 A multi-bilayered film obtained from the synthetic lipid 39 with monomer 40 intercalated in proximity to the head groups.

Intercalated polymer nanocomposites are those in which the polymer chains are incorporated into the layers or tubes of the nanomaterial in a regular fashion, regardless of the nanomaterial to polymer ratio. The extended polymer chain is inserted between the layers of nanomaterial, resulting in a well ordered multi-layer with alternating polymer chain and layers of nanomaterial at a repeating distance of a few nanometres (Fig. 11.1a). 

Lau, K.T., and Takagi, H. (2013) Multi-response analysis in the material characterisation of electrospun poly(lactic acid)/halloysite nanotube composite fibres based on Taguchi design of experiments fibre diameter, non-intercalation and nucleation effects. Appl Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process., 112, 747 -757. 

The next molecular organisation is more complex. This involves many layers of alternating molecules, intercalated with layers of water—i.e. lamellar phase. It is possible for rafts of these layers to float around in water, but for most real products, they present themselves as fuUy enclosed multi-layered onion-like droplets. The number of layers can nm into hundreds, and these so-called lamellar drops (or vesicles) can be up to several microns in diameter. 

Yeh et al. (2009) investigated the effect of nanoclay on the dielectric and thermal transport properties of PMMA nanocomposite foams. As shown in Figure 1.18, the nanocomposite foams showed lower dielectric constants than the neat PMMA foam. And the effect is more prominent when the clay nanoparticles were better dispersed (CCLMA clay) and when the clay concentration was increased. The effect on thermal conductivity (Figure 1.19) was slightly more complicated. While the nanocomposite foams with better dispersion, that is, CCLMA nanocomposites with an exfoliated-intercalated mixed morphology, showed a deaease in thermal conductivity, the thermal conductivity of the intercalated ACLMA nanocomposite foam was higher than that of neat PMMA foam. They have also prepared PMMA M WCNT nanocomposite foams and measured their insulation property. Interestingly, they noticed a decrease in both dielectric constant (22.6%) and thermal conductivity (19.7%) in the nanocomposite foams with 0.3 wt% carboxyl-multi-walled carbon nanotubes (c-MWNTs). 

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