Multi-dose presentations

Ophthalmic products, eyedrops in single-dose and multi-dose presentations, and eye ointments in multi-dose presoiOtfions are aseplically manufactured. So also are some other topical products. Glass eyedrop bottles are now less oooiHiion than plastic ones aluminum ointment tubes arc still more commonly used for sterile products than plastic tubes. Plastic caps are almost universally used. 

The most widely-accepted dose response model at the present time is the multi-stage model, which has great flexibility in curve-fitting, and also has a strong physiological justification. Although it is difficult to implement, there are already computer codes in existence that estimate the model parameters (13). The two most widely-used models, until recently, were the one-hit model and the log-probit model. They are both easy to implement, and represent opposite extremes in terms of shape - the former represents the linear non-threshold assumption, whereas the latter has a steep threshold-like curvature. In numerous applications with different substances it has been found that these three... 

Fig. 6 Effect of methylphenidate on Acquisition of the PAR in juvenile rat pups. Juvenile rat pups (day 15-16) were tested for acquisition of a multi-trial PAR. Littermates were equally divided into vehide or drug treatment groups. Methylphenidate salt was given ip at a dose of 3 mg/kg (base), 30 mins prior to training. Animals were returned to their home cage with their littermates for the intertrial time period. indicates statistically significant differences between drug-treatment group and vehide-treatment group at the specific trial. Non-parametric statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test) was conducted on median latencies (sec). Mean + SEM entry latendes (sec) are presented (n = 12-18/group).

Different ERPs (i.e., different areas of evacuation and, hence, different number of evacuees), result in different population distributions as a function of time, and thus in different doses and corresponding health consequences. In this section, some case studies are presented in order to demonstrate our methodology for multi-objective emergency response optimization around chemical plants. Two objectives are considered, i.e. minimize both the expected number of fatalities and the number of evacuees. The cases presented correspond to different types of accidents and different circumstances related to the emergency response issues... 

Fortunately, anthrax meningitis can be treated with a multi-drug antibacterial regime. However, although there is an anthrax vaccine, it requires multiple doses over a protracted period and annual boosters and is also in relatively short supply. Vaccination is therefore not really an option for mass protection at present. 

Kuzel T, Dutcher J, Ebbinghaus S et al (2009) A phase 2 multi-center, randomized, open-label study of two dose levels of lMO-2055 in patients (pts) with metastatic or recurrent renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Presented at the eighth international kidney cancer symposium, 25 and 26 September, Chicago, IL... 

Muir A, Ghalib R, Lawitz E et al (2010) A phase 1, multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study of lMO-2125, a TLR9 agonist, in Hepatitis C-non-responders. Presented at the International Liver Congress 2010 by EASL, 14-18 April, Vienna, Austria... 

Obviously, for practical and economic reasons, one generally does not use as many standards as there are molecules to be dosed, especially if the molecules are present in large qnantities. Multi-residue methods that allow simultaneous dosing of 100 molecules or more are used frequently in environmental analysis. Such a method generally uses four to ten internal standards spread out along the chromatogram. Each molecule family is associated with the standard whose chemical structure is the closest to its own. 

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