Mucous membrane, enzymes

Isotretinoin Capsules 10, 20, 40 mg 0.5-1 mg/kg/per day in two divided doses Maximum dose 2 mg/kg per day Cumulative dose 120-150 mg/day Dry skin and mucous membranes, muscle and joint pain, elevated liver enzymes and triglycerides, depression, teratogenicity... 

In tropical sprue, gluten does not appear to play much part in relatively early cases, such as those studied in Hong Kong. There is evidence, however, that patients with chronic sprue of many years duration may show some improvement on a gluten-free diet (C2). This may be a secondary phenomenon, due to general reduction of the enzymes in the small intestinal mucosa other mucosal enzymes have been shown to be reduced or ineffective in these patients. The important question is whether such patients will still react to gluten when the mucous membrane is brought back to normal by appropriate therapy, if this can be achieved. The rehabilitation of a malnutritional state induced over a period of many years is an extremely complex problem. 

IgA is associated mainly with seromucous secretions such as saliva, tears, nasal fluids, etc., and is secreted as a dimer with both a J chain and a secretor piece (relative molecular mass 70 000), the latter apparently to prevent damage to the molecule by proteolytic enzymes. Its major role appears to be the protection of mucous membranes and its presence in blood, mainly as the monomer, may be as a result of absorption of the degraded dimer. 

Naftiflne is highly active against dermatophytes but less active against yeasts. Its mechanism of action is based on selective inhibition of squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme for the synthesis of ergos-terol. Side effects include local irritation and erythema. Contact with mucous membranes should be avoided. 

Topical use results in therapeutic drug concentrations in the epidermis and mucous membranes less than 10% of the drug is systemically absorbed. Although clotrimazole is generally well tolerated, local abdominal cramping, increased urination, and transient liver enzyme elevations have been reported. 

Kuzmina, V.V. (1992). Activity of digestive enzymes in the intestinal mucous membrane of Black Sea bony fishes varying in ecology (In Russian). Voprosy Ikhtiologii 32(2), 141-148. 

Bacteria acting anaerobically in the colon produce large quantities of hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol. There is evidence to suggest that the mucous membranes of the colon have enzymes that convert hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol to nontoxic thiosulfate, S203, 14... 

In a majority of instances, particularly with pesticides, combinations of chemicals (e.g., organic solvents, mineral oils) are mixed to enhance the chemical toxicity. Consequently, the toxicity profile is altered. Lipophilicity modulates the absorption rate of the chemical from the site of entry into the system (lung, skin, mucous membrane). Thus, the fat-solubility pattern of a test chemical helps for easy cell membrane transport to reach the active site of intracellular enzymes and trigger possible toxic effects. The toxicity profile of active ingredients of pesticides and those of formulated products of pesticides differ widely. 

Q1 The mucosa is a mucous membrane which forms the innermost layer of the intestine. In the small intestine the mucosal surface area is increased greatly by folds and by villi, finger-like projections containing a core with a lymph capillary (lacteal) and blood vessels. Villi are covered by absorptive columnar epithelial cells whose luminal surface is further increased by microvilli (brush border) on which digestive enzymes and transport mechanisms for inorganic ions are located. 

Compound 1080 is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, mucous membranes, and wounds (Holstege et al, 2007). Different routes of exposure do not have a remarkable effect on toxicity. The mechanism of action for SMFA is blockage of the Krebs cycle. Metabolic activation by the formation of fluorocitrate is required a process known as lethal synthesis. Fluoroacetate is converted to fluoroacetyl-CoA and then converted by the enzyme... 

Possibly, the high proportions of polysaccharides present in pure glycosidases might be related to their localization in the cell. Yeast inver-tase might be localized in the cell wall, which consists largely of mannan. Similarly, the association of calf-intestine /3-galactosidase with mucopolysaccharides might be correlated with the fact that the enzyme occurs in the mucous membrane of the small intestine. 

N-acetylneuraminic acid protects the Intrinsic factor , a neuraminic add glycoprotein secreted by the mucous membrane of the stomach, against the action of proteol) c enzymes. The intrinsic factor binds vitamin B12 ingested with the food and allows its absorption in the lower sections of the intestine. The intrinsic factor still retains its ability to bind vitamin Bn after removal of the neuraminic acid, but the absorption of the vitamin from the intestinal lumen is no longer possible. 

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