Mucopolysaccharides glycosaminoglycans

A program in our laboratory on the chemistry of mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) has been greatly enhanced by the availability of 13c-NMR. For instance, its application (10,19,... 

There are numerous inherited disorders of lysosomal metabolism in humans. These disorders result from the lack of a specific acid hydrolase and have several clinical manifestations. A variety of substances may accumulate that interfere with normal cell functions, as is the case with the lipidoses (Chapter 9) or mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) in the Hurler s disease (gargoylism). 

C24. Constantopoulos, G., Loiue, M., and Dekaban, A. S., Add mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) in normal human kidneys and in kidneys of patients with mucopolysaccharidoses. Biochem. Med. 7, 376-388 (1973). 

D34. Duncan, D. M., Logan, R. W., Ferguson-Smith, M. A., and Hall, F., The measurement of acid mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) in amniotic fluid and urine. Clin. Chitn. Acta 45, 73-83 (1973). 

Biotechnological actives Hyaluronic acid, mucopolysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans. Synthetic actives Currently the most fashionable ones are peptides, biospheres that inaease in size once they have penetrated the skin and thus exert a pull-up effect on wrinkles. 

Proteoglycans Glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) bound to protein chains in covalent complexes. Proteoglycans are present in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. 

Proteolytic digestion of proteoglycans liberates the carbohydrate side-chains, which are known as glycosaminoglycans (also known as mucopolysaccharides). All the glycosaminogly-cans contain derivatives of glucosamine or galactosamine. Six major groups are known, one of which is heparin. 

Hyaluronic acid is a component of the extracellular ground substance which surrounds the collagen and elastin fibres and cells of connective tissue [64], It is a member of the group of polysaccharides isolated from vertebrate connective tissues which were formerly called mucopolysaccharides and are now more commonly referred to as glycosaminoglycans [65,66], Glycosaminoglycans commonly occur in vivo as proteoglycans. 

The sulfeted mucopolysaccharides or SMPS represent a large class of dmgs which are currently sold under various commercial names. SMPS are non-characterized glycosaminoglycans vdiich contain dermatan, heparan, chondroitin sulfate and other non-chaiacterized glycosaminoglycans. While the composition of these agents does not differ markedly, each product is marketed for a specific indication. The mechanism of action and... 

Glycoproteins will be discussed in some detail in Section 12.4. The carbohydrate components of proteoglycans are known as glycosaminoglycans. Proteoglycans are essential parts of the connective tissue In mammals and are also present to some extent in fish and bacteria (peptidoglycans from the cell wall of bacteria are different biopolymers and were discussed in Section 7.9). The term mucopolysaccharide was used in the past to describe polysaccharide materials of animal origin containing 2-amino-2-deoxyhexoses. 

An important virulence factor of bacteria is their ability to adhere to urinary epithelial cells, resulting in colonization of the urinary tract, bladder infections, and pyelonephritis. Various factors that act as antiadherence mechanisms are present in the bladder, preventing bacterial colonization and infection. The epithelial cells of the bladder are coated with a urinary mucus or sUme called glycosaminoglycan. This thin layer of surface mucopolysaccharide is hydrophilic and strongly negatively charged. When bound to the uroepithelium, it attracts... 

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