Motion muscle contraction efficient

Hypothesis Efficient Production of Motion by Muscle Contraction Derives from the Hydrophobic and Elastic Consilient Mechanisms, Whereby Dephosphorylation Results in Hydrophobic Association Coupled to Near-ideal Elastic Force Development... 

Another area of NEMS that is receiving tremendous attention is the mimicry of biological systems, aptly referred to as biomimetics. For instance, in the development of linear molecular muscles that undergo contraction and extension movements. Initial work in this field utilized transition metal complexes containing rotaxanes and catenanes, due to the nondestructive redox processes occurring on the metal centers.Though these complexes were actuated by a chemical reaction, the movement was in a noncoherent manner. In order to better mimic skeletal muscle movement, one has to look at the mode of motion within the most efficient molecular machines - in our human bodies. 

Unlike many mechanical systems, muscle uses power as long as stress is needed to hold a static position. As a result, the normal mechanical concept of efficiency is hard to apply. For instance, the position of the arm may be held by balanced force between a muscle pair trying to extend and contract the elbow. No motion occurs, but considerable energy is expended in this isometric exercise. As a result, discussions of efficiency can be misleading, since the conditions of measurement need to be well defined. 

Efficiency of motion and stresses imposed on the spine are very much dependent upon the posture maintained in the trunk as well as on the trunk stability. Positioning of the vertebral segments is so important that a special focus on posture and spinal stabilization is warranted [1]. Muscles that play an important role in spinal stabilization include the transverse abdominal, multifidus, erector spine, and internal oblique [1]. The erector spine is better suited for control of spinal orientation by nature of its ability to produce extension [12]. The RA is one of the abdominal wall s muscles. The wall is very important because it not only contract to increase intra-abdominal pressure but also distend considerably, accommodating expansions caused by ingestion, pregnancy, fat deposition, or pathology [13]. Beside that. 

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