Morphology of the network

FIG. 3. Extensive SR network stained with osmium ferricyanide in a smooth muscle cell of the rabbit pulmonary artery. Note the variable morphology of the network with tubules, fenestrated sheets seen enface (small arrows) or stacks of fenestrated sheets (large arrow) as well as surface couplings where the SR apposes the plasma membrane. M, mitochondria. (From Nixon et al... 

A simultaneous IPN of epoxy with unsaturated polyester, cross-linked using microwave radiation, has been reported (1). The radiation was intended to yield a more isotropic structure because of uniform heating also, it could reduce grafting reactions between the two networks and produce a more classical IPN structure. Unfortunately, the mechanical properties and morphology of the network were not reported. 

In designing cellular tissue, the diffusion rate of the solubilized compound is important in order to determine the rate of release of drugs or transport of nutrients and metabolites. The diffusion of nutrients, metabolites and other solubilized compounds depends on many factors, including the morphology of the network, the chemical composition of the hydrogel, the water content, the concentration of solubiUzed compounds and the level of the material swelling [7]. 

Consequently, interpenetrating phase-separated D/A network composites, i.e. bulk heterojunction , would appear to be ideal photovoltaic materials [5]. By controlling the morphology of the phase separation into an interpenetrating network, one can achieve a high interfacial area within a bulk material. Since any point in the composite is within a few nanometers of a D/A interface, such a composite is a bulk D/A heterojunction material. If the network in a device is bicontinuous, as shown in Figure 15-26, the collection efficiency can be equally efficient. 

The morphology of the agglomerates has been problematic, although some forms of network-like structures have been assumed on the basis of percolation behavior of conductivity and some mechanical properties, e.g., the Payne effect. These network stmctures are assumed to be determining the electrical and mechanical properties of the carbon-black-filled vulcanizates. In tire industries also, it plays an important role for the macroscopic properties of soft nano-composites, e.g., tear. 

Peng et al. [150] prepared AgAu nanoalloys via three different procedures by using laser-induced heating (i) mixture of Au nanoparticles and Ag(I) ions irradiated by a 532 nm laser, (ii) mixture of Au and Ag nanoparticles irradiated by a 532 nm laser, and (iii) mixture of Au and Ag nanoparticles irradiated by a 355 nm laser. In procedures (ii), nanoalloys with a sintered structure were obtained. The morphology of the obtained nanoalloys depended not only on the laser wavelength but also on the concentration of nanoparticles in the initial mixture. Large-scale interlinked networks were observed upon laser irradiation when the total concentration of Ag and Au nanoparticles in the mixture increased. 

Fig. 3.7 Schematic drawings demonstrating the main features of two-stage (A) and one-stage (B) procedures leading to a difference in the morphology of the fabricated materials. (A) Sol nanoparticles initially prepared in the first stage (1, see also Figure 3.3) can self-assemble into a three-dimensional network when they are in direct contact with each other. Forthis reason, a gel formed after cross-linking (sol-gel transition) has a smaller volume (2). (B) The initial stage (1) is represented by a solution of entangled biopolymer macromolecules. The...

This procedure is used for evaluation of the borders and morphology of the pore. The pores are considered as the linked parts of the whole porous space accessible for a probing sphere with a size r=srz where rz is a chosen size [100], For numerous simulations, it is convenient to determine the windows between the cavities as the borders and to assume that the whole porous space is located in the cavities, and windows do not have volume and are only the 2D cross sections between the cavities. In this sense, the windows only determine accessibility of the cavities. This approach allows consideration of the porous space as a network of sites (cavities) and bonds (windows). 

The reduction of the long-range diffusivity, Di by a factor of four with respect to bulk water can be attributed to the random morphology of the nanoporous network (i.e., effects of connectivity and tortuosity of nanopores). For comparison, the water self-diffusion coefficient in Nafion measured by PFG-NMR is = 0.58 x 10 cm s at T = 15. Notice that PFG-NMR probes mobilities over length scales > 0.1 /rm. Comparison of QENS and PFG-NMR studies thus reveals that the local mobility of water in Nafion is almost bulk-like within the confined domains at the nanometer scale and that the effective water diffusivity decreases due to the channeling of water molecules through the network of randomly interconnected and tortuous water-filled domains. ... 

---