Morphology of growth

I. Sunagawa and P. Bennema, Morphology of growth spirals, theoretical and experimental, in Preparation and Properties of Solid State Materials, vol. 7, ed. W. R. Wilcox, New York, Marcel Dekker Inc., 1982, pp. 1-129... 

Another advantage of the PBC theory is its ability to predict not only the bulk morphology of a polyhedral crystal, but also the morphology of growth layers developing on F faces. When growth layers are polygonal, the step direction is assumed to be defined by the PBC theory. These predictions cannot be made by the BFDH law. 

Figure 5.6. Differential interference contrast photomicrographs showing the morphology of growth spirals observed on (a) (0001), (b) (2131), and (c) (1010) faces of synthetic emerald.

The driving force, Ap,/ cT, affects the advancement rate of steps, as well as the state of the interface. Growth temperature (and pressure) may modify the morphology of growth spiral layers and may affect Tracht and Habitus through the modification of the interface state, but the effect will appear through A/ajkT. 

Sunagawa I, Betmema P (1982) Morphology of growth spirals Theoretical and experimental. In Preparation and Properties of Solid State Materials. Wilcox WR (ed) Marcel Dekker, New York Sunagawa I. (1984) Growth of crystals in nature. In Materials Science of the Earth s Interior. Stmagawa I (ed) Terra Scientific Publishing, Tokyo... 

Figure 14. Morphology of growth of an Ag (100) face intersected by screw dislocations. Pyramids with different slopes can be recognized. Step bunching effects are observable at the left-hand side of the picture.

The nucleation, growth, and morphology of crystals are influenced by both temperature and stress. 

Optical Properties. The index of refraction of a deposited material is sensitive to the film density. A lower index of refraction is found at less than bulk densities. The reflectance of a metallic surface is affected by the growth morphology of the film. 

In the analysis of crystal growth, one is mainly interested in macroscopic features like crystal morphology and growth rate. Therefore, the time scale in question is rather slower than the time scale of phonon frequencies, and the deviation of atomic positions from the average crystalline lattice position can be neglected. A lattice model gives a sufiicient description for the crystal shapes and growth [3,34,35]. 

R. Docherty, K. J. Roberts. Modeling the morphology of molecular crystals Applications to anthracene, biphenyl and B-succinic acid. J Cryst Growth 55 159, 1988. 

Sodium carboxymethyl chitin and phosphoryl chitin had most evident influences on the crystallization of calcium phosphate from supersaturated solutions. They potently inhibited the growth of hydroxyapatite and retarded the rate of spontaneous calcium phosphate precipitation. These chitin derivatives were incorporated into the precipitate and influenced both the phase and morphology of the calcium phosphate formed (flaky precipitate resembling octacalcium phosphate instead of spherical clusters in the absence of polysaccharide) [175]. 

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