Morphology metal deposits

Many studies have been undertaken with a view to improving lithium anode performance to obtain a practical cell. This section will describe recent progress in the study of lithium-metal anodes and the cells. Sections 3.2 to 3.7 describe studies on the surface of uncycled lithium and of lithium coupled with electrolytes, methods for measuring the cycling efficiency of lithium, the morphology of deposited lithium, the mechanism of lithium deposition and dissolution, the amount of dead lithium, the improvement of cycling efficiency, and alternatives to the lithium-metal anode. Section 3.8 describes the safety of rechargeable lithium-metal cells. 

MaksimoviC, M. D. Theory of the Effect of Electrodeposition at a Periodically Changing Rate on the Morphology of Metal Deposits 19... 

Periodically Changing Rate on the Morphology of Metal Deposits... 

Supported model catalysts are frequently prepared by thermally evaporating metal atoms onto a planar oxide surface in UHV. The morphology and growth of supported metal clusters depend on a number of factors such as substrate morphology, the deposition rate, and the surface temperature. For a controlled synthesis of supported model catalysts, it is necessary to monitor the growth kinetics of supported metal... 

Until quite recently the very initial stages of metal deposition were difficult to characterize in detail by structure- and morphology-sensitive techniques. As a consequence and for practical purposes - multilayers were more useful for applications than monolayers - the main interest was focussed onto thick deposits. Optical and electron microscopy, ellipsometry and specular or diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were the classic tools, by which the emerging shape of the deposit was monitored [4-7],... 

The motivation of this chapter was to show that despite the enormous prospects of ionic liquids in electrodeposition some troublesome aspects have to be expected. Apart from the purity and price of ionic liquids the optimum temperature for any process has to be found. Furthermore, suitable additives for electrodeposition will have to be developed and cation/anion effects that can strongly alter the morphology of deposits have to be expected. Finally, the electrochemical window alone is not the only factor that needs to be considered for the deposition of reactive metals. Suitable precursors will have to be tailor-made and it is our personal opinion that the electrodeposition of metals like Mg, Ti, Ta and Mo may not be possible from metal halides but rather metal bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide salts and other ones may be more suitable. 

The chapters in this volume present a concise overview of surface analytical techniques from the specific viewpoint of surface morphology and its modification at the polymer-metal interface. A consistent picture begins to emerge of the chemical reactions occurring on metal deposition and why this leads to metal adhesion. The coeditors hope this information will be timely and useful. 

The peaks in particle incorporation often55 56,77,85,89 occur at the same current density as kinks in the polarization curve for metal deposition. For Au-Ai203 composite deposition77 the peaks and kinks also correlate with the preferred orientation of the Au crystallites. Similarly, for zinc-polystyrene composites54,76 the peak in polystyrene codeposition corresponds to a change in morphology of the zinc deposit. Polarization... 

The morphology of deposited coke was investigated with a scanning electron microscope. Several types of coke were identified, depending on the nature of surface. A summary of the findings, including metal incorporated in the coke, is presented in Table III. 

K. I. Popov and M. D. Maksimovic, Theory of the effect of electrodeposition at periodically changing rate on the morphology of metal deposition, in Modem Aspects of Electrochemistry. Vol. 19, J. O M. Bockris and B. E. Conway, editors. Plenum Press, New York, 1989, pp. 193-250. 

Unfortunately, the electrodeposition of metals summarized in Table 4 is accompanied by increased HTSC degradation under cathodic polarization [53, 55]. In nonaqueous media, electrocrystallization processes can be inhibited due to the peculiarities of the intermediate Cu+ species solvation [286]. Moreover, the surface morphology of deposits can be adversely affected by the formation of dendrites this can be overcome by the addition of a brightening agent [497]. 

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