Morphine reduction

Morphine Reduction of root growth, induction of polyploidy in Allium — 242... 

Suski M, Bujak-Gizycka B, Made] J, Kacka K, Dobrogowski J, Woron J, Olszanecki R, Korbut R. Co-admini-stration of dextromethorphan and morphine reduction of post-operative pain and lack of influence on morphine metabolism. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010 107 680-4. 

The first reaction was involved in a synthesis of morphine, the starting ketone being made by reduction of a substituted naphthalene O. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1950, 72, 3704). No doubt an epoxide could have been used as the electrophile. 

When morphine is subjected to a similar reduction-oxidation sequence (1- 10), there is obtained hydromorphone (10). ... 

As in the case of the steroids, introduction of additional nuclear substituents yields morphine analogs of increased potency. The more important of these are derived from one of the minor alkaloids that occur in opium. Thebaine (14), present in crude opium in about one-tenth the amount of morphine, exhibits a reactive internal diene system that is well known to undergo various addition reactions in a 1,4 manner (e.g., bromination). Thus, reaction with hydrogen peroxide in acid may be visualized to afford first the 14-hydroxy-6-hemiketal (15). Hydrolysis yields the isolated unsaturated ketone (16). Catalytic reduction... 

Morphine -ferrocene reduction/oxidation of label decreased... 

Hypoventilation is defined as a reduction in the rate and depth of breathing. Inadequate ventilation results in hypoxemia, or a decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood. Hypoventilation may be induced inadvertently by various pharmacological agents, including opioid analgesics such as morphine. These medications cause hypoventilation by way of their effects on the respiratory centers in the brainstem. Doses of... 

Hill, H. F., Bell, E. C., and Wilder, A. (1967) Reduction of conditioned suppression Actions of morphine compared with those of amphetamine, pentobarbital, nalorphine, cocaine, LSD-25, and chlorpromazine. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn., 165 212-225. 

Opioids are sedating and cause a reduction in processing speed in clinical populations (e.g.. Digit Symbol Substitution Test) (Wood et al. 1998). However, a study in healthy subjects did not confirm these effects on digit substitution (Walker and Zacny 1998). Improvements are seen in choice reaction time after morphine administration (Hanks et al. 1995). Deficits have been reported in early-stage visual processing (O Neill et al. 1995 Hanks et al. 1995). By comparison, morphine s cognitive effects are lesser than those of lorazepam, but milder than hydromorphone (Rapp et al. 1996 Hanks et al. 1995). 

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