Monoclonal antibodies sequence-specific

Nucleic acids can also be biotinylated by nonenzymatic methods with photobiotin, a photoactivatable biotin analog (6), which can be commercially obtained from BRL, Sigma, and other commercial sources I have not compared the suitability of this method of biotin incorporation with that reported here, but expect that the method would be fully acceptable FMC (Rockland, ME) markets an alternate nonradioactive sequence detection kit known as Chemiprobe. The basis of this system is a chemical modification of cytosine residues m the probe DNA. After hybridization, the probe is detected by means of a monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes the sulfonated DNA. Detection of the bound monoclonal antibody is achieved by means of an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated second antibody. 

The identity of TES-32 and CTL-1 was confirmed by polyclonal antibodies to recombinant CTL-1, which bound to native TES-32, and by monoclonal antibody Tcn-3, raised to native TES-32 (Maizels et al, 1987), which specifically recognized recombinant CTL-1. The CTL-1 sequence also contained three sites for Afglycosylation, which had previously been shown to be present on TES-32 (Page and Maizels, 1992). Both Tcn-3 and polyclonal antibody to the recombinant CTL-1 protein localize to the cuticle of the infective larvae by immunoelectron microscopy (Fig. 12.2). 

Polyak, M. and Deans, J., Alanine-170 and proline-172 are critical determinants for extracellular CD20 epitopes heterogeneity in the fine specificity of CD20 monoclonal antibodies is defined by additional requirements imposed by both amino acid sequence and quaternary structure. Blood, 99, 3256-3262, 2002. 

Polyclonal antisera are usually prepared either from isolated antigens, such as proteins or from synthetic peptides derived from the protein sequence. The antisera derived from small synthetic peptides are regio-specific with respect to the cognate protein and resemble in some way the monoclonal antibodies, but they are much easier to prepare. 

Pharmacology Daclizumab is an immunosuppressive, humanized IgGI monoclonal antibody produced by recombinant DNA technology that binds specifically to the alpha subunit (Tac subunit) of the human high-affinity interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor that is expressed on the surface of activated lymphocytes. Daclizumab is a composite of human (90%) and murine (10%) antibody sequences. 

The majority of the proteins in clinical trials in August 1991 were monoclonal antibodies for treatment of sepsis or neoplasia (see Immunotherapeutic agents). Monoclonal antibodies are derived in most cases from mouse cell lines. This leads to the problem that the antibodies are recognized as foreign by the human immune system. Research efforts are directed toward humanizing antibodies so that these molecules can escape immune surveillance, for example, by the systematic replacement of murine-specific peptide sequences with human homologues while still maintaining the... 

Hinds et al.[26 used a helicogenic Ca-alkylproline derivative 271 in the peptide Ac-Tyr-Pro-Tyr-Asp-Val-Pro-Asp-Tyr-Ala-OH, which is derived from an immunogenic sequence in influenza hemagglutinin, specifically replacing the first Pro residue in the sequence. They found increased binding to a pair of monoclonal antibodies which recognize this site. 26 The insertion of C -alkyl a-amino acids into peptide systems is discussed in Section 10.3. 

Unlike polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies are directed against single epitopes consisting of very short sequences of amino acids. These antibodies are able to provide invaluable information about the molecular conformation of a particular epitope within a given antigen. However, even though a monoclonal antibody can recognize multiple molecules, its specificity remains intact. This phenomenon is due to the presence of very similar epitopes in different peptides and proteins. This subject is discussed in detail later in this chapter. 

---