Monitoring strategies chemical methods

In contrast to the physico/chemical measurement systems, BEWS are sensitive to many toxic compounds, even to those that are not included in the routine monitoring programmes. They operate continuously (24/24h, 7/7d) and provide early results. In the case of an accidental spill they should generate an alarm within minutes to one hour (van der Schalie el al., 1999). BEWS have recently been included in the WFD Common Implementation Strategy Guideline 19 on surface water chemical monitoring as complementary method (European Communities, 2009). 

In-process control (IPC) methods are part of the quality control (QC) strategy used to monitor the chemical and biochemical process synthesis of the API. These tests are used to determine if the chemical entity is ready to proceed to next step of the manufacturing process. IPC tests are generally used to verify whether the following stages of the processing have been completed. 

These dynamic strategies also play important roles in the chemical defense of benthic organisms. Only in recent years have marine scientists started to apply methods that allow these defensive strategies to be monitored. This opens the field for the identification of signals that play a role in species-species interactions in the marine environment and for the elucidation of hormones responsible for regulating the production of secondary metabolites. 

Of particular importance is the study of photophysical properties and the coupling of emission behavior to chemical reactivity. In addition, the further study of the heterocyclic-substituted platinum-1,2-enedithiolates as room temperature dual emitters is warranted. The dual emitters not only allow conventional detection methods but new ratiometric, double-modulation and polarization-based methods to be incorporated into detection strategies (34, 91, 92). At least two of these methods were development solely for the heterocyclic substituted 1,2-enedithiolates. While these detection methods evolved to monitor molecular oxygen, it is likely, given their unique... 

To handle these uncertainties the risk assessors use several strategies. They propose conservative default values for emissions, worst-case estimates and realistic worst-case assumptions for amounts used and emitted, and best estimate/expert judgment for estimating bioconcentration factors. They furthermore recommend method development (improved chemical analyses), further testing (degradation pathways), and more chemical analyses (environmental monitoring). 

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