Molecules electrical energy

To generate electrical energy from chemical energy, the reactant molecules must be separated into oppositely charged ions (electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms) and the exothermic reaction (gives... 

All of our experience and knowledge about the properties of moving baseballs (and billiard balls and rubber bands and automobiles and pendulums and gyroscopes) can be used in clarifying i the nature of heat, heat content, electrical energy, etc. To see this, we must consider how chemists discuss the energy held by a molecule. ... 

A more convenient way to achieve a plasma is with electrical energy, such as a low-frequency discharge. By increasing the electrical energy in a fixed amount of gas, all molecules are eventually dissociated and complete ionization is achieved. 

The molecule-intrinsic factor in the intensities of emission spectra can be obtained from the well-known Einstein coefficients (see, for example. Refs. [20, 21]). For the two states i and f considered above, whose energies are Ei and Ef, respectively, with Ei < Ef, we define as the Einstein coefficient for absorption, Bfl as the Einstein coefficient for stimulated emission, and Afl as the Einstein coefficient for spontaneous emission. We denote by Ni and Nf the number of molecules with energies Ei and Ef, respectively, and the Einstein coefficients are defined such that, for example, the change in Nf caused by electric dipole transitions to and from i is given by... 

Polar polymers, such as ionomers, possess permanent dipole moments. Hence orientation polarization is produced in addition to the induced polarization when the polar polymers are placed in an electric field. Thus polar molecules are capable of storing more electric energy than nonpolar polymers, which are dependent almost entirely on induced dipoles for electric energy storage. 

The fragmentation process depends on how much electrical energy (RF power) is supplied to maintain the plasma, how much monomer is introduced into the plasma, and where the monomer molecules interact with activated species of the plasma. Yasuda proposed a controlling parameter or W/FM value, where W, F, and M are RF power [J/s], the monomer flow rate [mol/s], and the molecular weight of the monomer [kg/mol], respectively [21]. The W/FM parameter is an apparent input energy per unit of monomer molecules [J/kg] therefore, the magnitude of the W/FM parameter is considered to be proportional to the concentration of activated species in the plasma. The polymer formation rate (polymer deposition rate) increases by increasing the W/FM parameter in the operational condition, whereby... 

Figure 6.28 illustrates how polar molecules electrically attract one another and as a result are relatively difficult to separate. In other words, polar molecules can be thought of as being sticky, which is why it takes more energy to separate them and let them enter the gaseous phase. For this reason, substances composed of polar molecules typically have higher boiling points than substances composed of nonpolar molecules, as Table 6.3 shows. Water, for example, boils... 

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