Molecule growth methods

Foreign molecules in a host crystal are impurities when they are unwanted. Otherwise, they are guest molecules or dopants. In these cases, all the purification and growth methods can be applied in a corresponding manner. 

Nanoparticle-based methods for delivery of bioactive molecules, growth factors, and genetic material,... 

The hard-templating growth methods described before should not be confused, on the contrary, with soft-templating approaches which usually are accomplished in solution phase in the presence of free surfactant molecules which severely attend the nucleation of a new particle and the further shape development selectively and dynamically interacting with the evolving particle surface facets. 

Madey and co-workers followed the reduction of titanium with XPS during the deposition of metal overlayers on TiOi [87]. This shows the reduction of surface TiOj molecules on adsorption of reactive metals. Film growth is readily monitored by the disappearance of the XPS signal from the underlying surface [88, 89]. This approach can be applied to polymer surfaces [90] and to determine the thickness of polymer layers on metals [91]. Because it is often used for chemical analysis, the method is sometimes referred to as electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). Since x-rays are very penetrating, a grazing incidence angle is often used to emphasize the contribution from the surface atoms. 

Lonally, the templates were chosen by trial and error or exhaustive enumeration. A itafional method named ZEBEDDE (ZEolites By Evolutionary De novo DEsign) en developed to try to introduce some rationale into the selection of templates et al. 1996 Willock et al. 1997]. The templates are grown within the zeolite by an iterative inside-out approach, starting from a seed molecule. At each jn an action is randomly selected from a list that includes the addition of new (from a library of fragments), random translation or rotation, random bond rota-ing formation or energy minimisation of the template. A cost function based on erlap of van der Waals spheres is used to control the growth of the template ale ... 

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