Molecular damage

Corongui, F.P., Poll, G., Diansani, M.U., Cheeseman, K.H. and Slater, T.F. (1986). Lipid peroxidation and molecular damage to polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat liver. Recognition of two classes of hydroperoxides formed under conditions in vivo. Chem. Biol. Interactions 59, 147-155. 

Living isn t easy, especially at the level of the molecules that make us. Our cells and the molecules they contain are constantly exposed to a hostile environment of viruses, bacteria, free radicals, radiation, and random chemical reactions. We live because our bodies are able to repair themselves from perpetual molecular damage. Over time, however, our bodies lose the ability to self-heal. We age. We grow frail and eventually die. 

Land EJ, Ebert M (1967) Pulse radiolysis studies of aqueous phenol. Water elimination from dihy-droxycyclohexadienyl radicals to form phenoxyl. Trans Faraday Soc 63 1181-1190 Lind J, Shen X, Eriksen TE, Merenyi G (1990) The one-electron reduction potential of 4-substituted phenoxyl radicals in water. J Am Chem Soc 112 479-482 Loft S, Poulsen HE (1999) Markers of oxidative damage to DNA antioxidants and molecular damage. Methods Enzymol 300 166-184... 

In conclusion, the evidence for the involvement of ROIs in injury to the cellular components of connective tissues is stronger than that of direct macro-molecular damage because some of the footprints of in vitro oxidative injury have been found in animal models of inflammation and from human pathological material pathological material. 

There are two major routes to molecular damage when systems are subjected to mechanical forces. The most obvious is simple bond breaking when linear or cross-linked polymer chains are subjected to shear forces, for example, stretching, cutting, bending, breaking or... 

Zaider M., Bardash M., Fung A., Molecular damage induced directly and indirectly by ionizing radiation in DNA, Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 1994,66,459-465. 

Toyokuni, S., Reactive oxygen-species-induced molecular damage and its application in... 

Formation of any of these compounds at sufficient levels can lead to oxidative stress, which is defined as an imbalance in which the production of these reactive species is favored over the antioxidant defense system, leading to disruption of redox regulation and signaling, or in extreme conditions to molecular damage. In recent years, scientists perceptions of oxidative stress and the role of small oxidants in cell function have changed considerably, but there is nevertheless good evidence that they play apart in various diseases and pathological conditions (Forman et al 2014). 

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