Moderate bums

It is a surface anaesthetic which possesses very low degree of toxicity and sensitization. It may be applied locally in a 1% strength to soothen pain in hemorrhoids and rectal surgery, itching dermatoses, some intubation procedures, anogenital pruritus and moderate bums and sunburn. 

Subrahmanyam, M., 1999. Early tangential excision and skin grafting of moderate bums is superior to honey dressing a prospective randomised trial. Bums 25 (8), 729—731. 

Moderate Bums—Second-degree bums covering less than 30 percent of the body and third-degree bums covering less than ten percent are considered moderate. 

Diethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, and isopropan olamine mixtures are less irritating to the skin than MEA and MIPA however, any one of them may produce severe skin irritation, even mild bums, if contact is prolonged or frequently repeated. Occasional short contact should not result in more than slight irritation. Undiluted triethanolamine and triisopropan olamine are slightly to moderately irritating to the skin. A bum may result from prolonged and repeated contact. Short occasional contact and solutions of less than 10% concentration are unlikely to cause more than very slight irritation, if any. 

In general, all of the chlorobenzenes are less toxic than benzene. Liquid chlorobenzenes produce mild to moderate irritation upon skin contact. Continued contact may cause roughness or a mild bum. SoHds cause only mild irritation. Absorption through the skin is slow. Consequently, with short-time exposure over a limited area, no significant quantities enter the body. 

Toxicity of 2-Ghloroethanol. Ethylene chlorohydrin is an irritant and is toxic to the Hver, kidneys, and central nervous system. In addition, it is rapidly absorbed through the skin (73). The vapor is not sufficiently irritating to the eyes and respiratory mucous membranes to prevent serious systemic poisoning. Contact of the Hquid in the eyes of rabbits causes moderately severe injury, but in humans corneal bums have been known to heal within 48 hours. Several human fataUties have resulted from inhalation, dermal contact, or ingestion. One fatahty was caused by exposure to an estimated 300 ppm in air for 2.25 hours. In another fatal case, autopsy revealed pulmonary edema and damage to the Hver, kidneys, and brain (73). 

The neutron dose to graphite due to irradiation is commonly reported as a time integrated flux of neutrons per unit area (or fluence) referenced to a particular neutron energy. Neutron energies greater that 50 keV, 0.1 MeV, 0.18 MeV, and 1 MeV were adopted in the past and can be readily foimd in the literature. In the U.K., irradiation data are frequently reported in fluences referenced to a standard flux spectrum at a particular point in the DIDO reactor, for which the displacement rate was measured by the nickel activation [ Ni(np) t o] reaction [equivalent DIDO nickel (EDN)]. Early on, neutron irradiation doses to the graphite moderator were reported in terms of the bum-up (energy extracted) from imit mass of the adjacent nuclear fuel, i.e., MW days per adjacent tonne of fuel, or MWd/Ate. 

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