Models studies, philosophy

She received her M.Sc. of the philosophy of nature and the protection of the environment at the Catholic University of Lublin in 1993. In 1999 she received her Ph.D. in agrophysics after defence the thesis entitled A possibility of the reduction of methane emission form landfill by its biochemical oxidation in landfill cover—model study , at the Institute of Agrophysics of the Polish Academy of Science. 

CIBA GEIGY Corporation is presently using models as an aid to data interpretation for risk assessment. Our general philosophy is to use the model as an aid to risk assessment and not as a predictive tool to eliminate definitive studies. Hopefully, environmental fate models will be useful as a predictive tool as they become validated. 

The industrial case study presented in this section is taken from the petrochemicals industry. The project is in the design phase and as such the design model will be used to determine the design which leads to the minimum capital cost, while using the PIS operational philosophy. For secrecy reasons the example has been modified and the names of the raw materials and products have been changed to the generic form. 

Two distinctive models were developed in order to investigate the effectiveness of PIS operational philosophy. The first model is separated into two parts. The first part is used to determine the optimal throughput when there is zero intermediate storage available. Two situations were studied. Firstly the model was solved without the use of the PIS operational philosophy. Secondly, the model was solved with the PIS operational philosophy. In the simple example shown in this section a 50% increase in the throughput was achieved when the PIS operational philosophy was used. In both cases the models developed were a MILP, thus guaranteeing global optimality. 

The second mathematical formulation presented, is a design model based on the PIS operational philosophy. This formulation is an MINLP model due to the capital cost objective function. The model is applied to a literature example and an improved design is achieved when compared to the flowsheet. The design model is then applied to an industrial case study from the phenols production facility to determine its effectiveness. The data for the case study are subject to a secrecy agreement and as such the names and details of the case study are altered. 

Kenneth J. Arrow, "On Mathematical Models in the Social Sciences," 1951, cited and discussed in Max Black, Models and Metaphors. Studies in Language and Philosophy (Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1962) 223225. 

Black, Max. Models and Metaphors Studies in Language and Philosophy. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1962. 

This philosophy has had a profound effect on the methods of inquiry in virtually every field of human endeavour. It has guided scientists to pursue the pattern of study dissect, identify, classify, and dissect further. The logical extension of this approach is to search for the ultimate, ahistoric particle as the fountainhead of creation the basic ingredient with which to model and understand the universe. This is the addition/unification sequel to reductionism, whereby parts are then reassembled into additive models. 

Chapter 1 in Melamed et al., Chapter 3 in Shapiro, and Chapter 1 in Darzynkiewicz are good historical reviews of flow cytometry. Alberto Cambrosio and Peter Keating (2000) have used flow cytometry as a model for looking at historical changes in the way scientists use instrumentation to view the world Of lymphocytes and pixels The techno-visual production of cell populations. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 31 233-270. 

In this chapter we focus on atomistic predictions of thermophysical and mechanical properties of HMX crystals and liquid important to the development of reliable mesoscale equations of state. The outline of the remainder of the chapter is as follows In section 2 we describe briefly the philosophy and overall approach we have taken to force field development, including the results of quantum chemistry calculations for HMX and smaller model compounds that were used in the force field parameterization. The focus of section 3 is on the properties of liquid HMX, for which experimental data are completely lacking. Structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of the three pure crystal polymorphs of HMX are presented in section 4, where the results are compared to the available experimental data. At the ends of sections 3 and 4 we discuss briefly the importance of the various properties with mesoscale models of high explosives, with an emphasis on conditions relevant to weak shock initiation. We conclude in section 5, and provide our opinions (and justifications, based on our interactions with mesoscale modelers) regarding which HMX properties and phenomena should comprise the next targets for study via atomistic simulation. 

Chemometrics is a most useful tool in QSAR and QSPR studies, in that it forms a firm base for data analysis and modelling and provides a battery of different methods. Moreover, a relevant aspect of the chemometric philosophy is the attention it pays to the predictive power of the models (estimated by using -> validation techniques), -> model complexity, and the continuous search for suitable parameters to assess the model qualities, such as -> classification parameters and -> regression parameters. Chemometrics includes several fields of mathematics and statistics as listed below. 

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