Models and Mapping

Erosion damage by solid particle impact or cavitation bubble collapse to an oxide or passive film will reveal the underlying nascent surface inducing a higher activity (higher corrosion 

Equation (15.2) indicates an accelerating element to corrosion caused by film damage or removal, and is one element of the complex interactions between erosion and corrosion that needs to be understood. These interactions can be defined as follows. The total damage under wear-corrosion, T, can be represented as  

However, the ability to predict or map erosion-corrosion relies on including the correct mechanisms and material responses (i.e., phase transformations). 

---

Usability of CLL. There are plenty of practical guidelines on calculating critical loads and levels including the constantly updated Manual on Methodologies and Criteria for Modeling and Mapping Critical Loads Levels and Air Pollution Effects,... 

Risks and Trends (Modelling and Mapping Manual, 2004)3. Moreover, many research groups engaged in biogeochemical model development make them available as freeware . Annual reports published by the National Focal Centers of the LRTAP Convention as provides insights on methodologies and partially input data for the CLL calculations. 

Figure 2. Example of a critical load function for S and N defined by the CLmaxS, CLminN, CLmaxN and CLnutN. Every point of the grey-shaded area below the critical load function represents depositions of N and S, which do not lead to the exceedance of critical loads (UBA, 1996 Modelling and Mapping Manual, 2004).

Values accounted using Look-up tables (Modelling and Mapping Manual, 2004)... 

De Vries, W., Schutze, G., Romkens, P., Hettelingh, J-P., et al. (2002). Guidance for the Calculation of Critical Loads for Lead and Cadmium in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems. Preliminary Modelling and Mapping of Critical Loads for Cadmium and Lead in Europe. RIVM. Report 259101011/2002, pp. 17-35. 

Posch, M., Hettelingh, J-P., Slootweg, J., Downing, RJ. (2003). Modelling and Mapping of Critical Thresholds in Europe. Status Report 2003. Coordination Center for Effects National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands. RIVM Report No. 259101013/2003,139 pp. 

Priputina I., Abramychev, A., Bashkin, V. (2002). Preliminary calculations of critical loads for Pb and Cd in forest ecosystems of the European Russia // Preliminary modelling and mapping of critical loads for cadmium and lead in Europe. RIVM. Report 259101011/2002. pp. 105-107. 

Reinds, G-J., De Vries, W., Groenenber, B-J. (2001). Critical loads of lead and cadmium for European Forest Soils. In Modelling and Mapping of Critical Thresholds in Europe. CCE Status Report 2001. RIVM. Belthoven. pp. 81-90. 

Fig. 8.5 The result of performing the merge in Pottinger and Bernstein [2003] on the models and mappings in Fig. 8.4...

Common Data Model and Mapping Definition. KE and DE will define the common data model and its mappings to the local data models. To support this goal, vocabularies and standards are required to formalize the data model and mapping. 

The applied field research methods (survey, description, observation, work with maps) and Earth remote sensing, as well as methods of mathematical, conceptual modeling and mapping. Theoretical analysis is based on the theory of reflection and systemic and chorological approach, methodological statements of historical geography by V.I. Paranin (Paranin 1990, 1998, Paranina 2012c). 

I. Odnevall Wallinder, B. Bahar, C. Leygraf, and J. Tidblad, Modelling and mapping of copper runoff for Europe, /. Environ. Mon. 9 66 (2007). 

---