Minimum waiting times

FIG. 5 Comparison of long-term titration data (drift <0.1mV/h, minimum waiting time 1 h, solid symbols from Ldvgren et al. [17]) and short-term titration data (drift criterion on timescales of minutes, open symbols from Hiemstra and van Riemsdijk [19] and Djafer et al. [20]) for goethite. All titrations in nitrate media (0.1 M) cation is deemed unimportant for positively charged goethite. 

In recent years, developments in analytical instrumentation have made it possible to couple two or more instruments in a bid to maximise the amount of information that could be acquired from a sample. Where these attempts have been successful these have resulted in a more efficient use of the sample material, drastic reduction in waiting time, minimum sample manipulation, and in relation to trace metals the sources of external contamination have been reduced. 

Waiting statistics Average, minimum and maximum length and wait time, standard deviation, queue current status... 

The bottom line of Table IV gives the calculated recurrence times for critical fluctuations in Br. The smallest recurrence time seen in Table IV is the amount of time necessary to wait for [Br ] to fluctuate to the critical bromide concentration within at least one small sphere of radius 0.5 /rm anywhere within the total volume of the excitable system studied. This minimum recurrence time of 10 seconds, or one billion years, is in fact the smallest recurrence time obtained from all our calculations considering fluctuations in any species for either the excitable or oscillatory medium. Clearly, such critical perturbations predicted by the deterministic equations necessary for the initiation of a chemical wave have vanishingly small probabilities of occurring spontaneously in solution. 

Nucleoside H-phosphonate and activator are briefly mixed in-line as the solution is delivered to the column. The premix time is kept to a minimum by moving the reagent quickly through the lines with a very brief wait step when the mixture reaches the column (<5 s) and the overall coupling reaction, with delivery and wait times, is approx 1 min. Overactivation is avoided by using alternating small aliquots of nucleoside and activator rapidly. The nucleoside and activator are not allowed to premix for extended periods of time (>10 s) prior to exposing the solution to the machine-bound solid support (see Section 4). 

Two closely related firearms provisions are for a background check (to confirm that a prospective gun purchaser does not have a criminal, mental health, or other record that would make him or her ineligible to buy a gun) and for a waiting period, or the minimum time before a gun can be handed over to the purchaser. 

The importance for biomacromolecules of the extended H-bond network provided by liquid water clearly appears when modifications of this network are applied. Suppressing it by drying, or rigidifying it by freezing are lethal actions. The role of protectors such as trehalose is to partly avoid its collapse, by replacing it with another artificial network that maintains a minimum of its essential stractural features during a sufficient time to wait for... 

To maximize the accuracy of the integrals we measured from our sample, we pay attention to several items. We make sure that the sample is fully relaxed between scans. Full relaxation back to equilibrium requires that we wait a minimum of five times the longest Tj between the application of the read pulse (the RF pulse applied just before digitization of the FID commences) and the initial excitation pulse of the following scan (for a garden variety 1-D F1 or spectrum, the read pulse is the first pulse). Recall that the amount of time... 

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